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Meenakshi Temple- MaduraiLocation : Madurai, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped:Lord Somasundara (Lord Shiva) And Goddess Meenakshi Built By: The Pandyan King, KulasekharaImportant Festivals Celebrated: Meenakshi Kalyanam In April-May And The Teppam Festival Madurai or "the city of nectar" is the oldest and second largest city of Tamil Nadu. This city is located on Vaigai River and was the capital of Pandyan rulers. The Pandyan king, Kulasekhara had built a gorgeous temple around which he created a lotus shaped city. It has been a center of learning and pilgrimage, for centuries. Legend has it, that the divine nectar falling from Lord Shiva's locks, gave the city its name - 'Madhurapuri', now known as "Madurai".

The Origin Of The Meenakshi Temple The Sri Meenakshi Sundareswara temple and Madurai city originated together. According to tradition, Indra once committed sin when he killed a demon, who was then performing penance. He could find no relief from remorse in his own kingdom. He came down to earth. While passing through a forest of Kadamba trees in Pandya land, he felt relieved of his burden. His servitors told him that there was a Shivalinga under a Kadamba tree and beside a lake. Certain that it was the Linga that had helped him; he worshipped it and built a small temple around it. It is believed that it is this Linga, which is till under worship in the Madurai temple. The shrine is called the "Indra Vimana".

Once Dhananjaya, a merchant of Manavur, where the Pandyas had arrived after the second deluge in Kumari Kandam, having been overtaken by nightfall in Kadamba forest, spent the night in the Indra Vimana. When next morning he woke up, he was surprised to see signs of worship. Thinking that it must be the work of the Devas, he told the Pandya, Kulasekhara, in Manavur, of this. Meanwhile Lord Shiva had instructed Pandya in a dream to build a temple and a city at the spot Dhananjaya would indicate. Kulasekhara did so. Thus originated the temple and city.

When the next Pandya, Malayadhvaja, and his queen, Kanchanamala, performed a sacrifice for a child, Lord Shiva caused Goddess Parvati Herself to step out of the fire as a little girl. She had three breasts. Lord Shiva told the couple that the third breast would disappear when she set eyes on he who was to be her husband. They were to name her "Thadathagai" and bring her up as if she were a boy.

She succeeded her father to the throne at his death. She gained many military victories. Finally she marched on Kailasa itself. When she saw Lord Shiva, her third breast disappeared. The Lord told her to return to Madurai and said that He would marry her there. The divine marriage was celebrated. This is the theme much beloved of Madurai artists. There is a superb sculpture of this in the temple. The crowning of Meenakshi, for She was the same as Thadathagai, is celebrated as a festival in the temple.

The Lord performed many miracles at the wedding. These are described in a celebrated poem, the "Tiruviayadal Puranam". Under the name of "Sundara Pandya", the Lord ruled the land as a mortal. After sometime, crowning Lord Muruga, their son, who was named "Ugra Pandya", Sundara Pandya and Thadathagai went into the temple and assumed divine forms as "Lord Somasundara" and "Goddess Meenakshi" respectively.

Earliest References Of The Temple Paranjothi Munivar wrote the Tiruviayadal Puranam in the sixteenth century. It is regarded as the temple's Sthalapurana. An earlier work adds a few celestial sports not included in the latter. These are, or rather were painted on the walls around the Golden Lily Tank. Some of the painted wooden panels are in the Temple Museum.

The earliest references available to any structure in this temple is a hymn of Sambhandar's, in the seventh century, which refers to the "Kapali Madil". The present inner walls of the Lords shrine bear this name today. In the early times the entire temple must have been confined to the area between these walls, and the structures must have been of brick and mortar.

In the 14th century an invasion by Malik Kafur damaged the temple. In the same century Madurai was under Muslim rule for nearly fifty years. The temple authorities closed the sanctum, covered up the Linga, and set up another in the Ardhamandapa. When the city was liberated, the sanctum was opened, and, tradition says the flower garlands and the sandalwood paste placed on the Linga were as fresh as on the first day, and two oil lamps were still burning.

About The Temple While the temple originated in times to which no date can be assigned, the structures that are standing today date mostly from the twelfth to the eighteenth century. They occupy a vast space, 258 m by 241m. There are the two main shrines, no less than twelve Gopuras, a tank and innumerable Mandapas. At every turn there is superb sculpture, magnificent architecture.

Ashta Sakthi Mandapa It is a convention in this temple, different from that followed in others, that the devotee offers worship first to Goddess Meenakshi. Therefore, while there are four other entrances into the temple, under huge Gopuras in the four cardinal directions, it is customary to enter not through any of them but through a Mandapa, with no tower above it. This entrance leads directly to the shrine of the Goddess.

This Mandapa is an impressive structure, with a hemispherical ceiling. It is 14m long and 5.5m wide. There are bas-reliefs all over the place. Over the entrance one of them depicts the marriage of Goddess Meenakshi with Lord Somasundara. The Mandapa derives its name, the "Ashta Sakthi", from the fact it contains sculptures of the eight Sakthis (also spelt as Shakti). Those of the four principal Nyanmars were added during renovation of the temple in 1960-63.

An interesting story is told of what an artist did in 1923 when adding some paintings there. In one of these depicting the coronation of Goddess Meenakshi, he included a figure of Mahatma Gandhi. The British authorities ordered that it be removed. What the artist did was to add to the lasting oil painting long locks of hair in watercolour so that a sage resulted. But shortly after, the locks disappeared and Gandhiji re-merged.

Queen Rudrapathi Ammal and Queen Tholiammal, consorts of Tirumalai Nayak (1623-1659) erected the Mandapam. Tirumalai, the greatest of the Nayaks of Madurai, who were originally viceroys of the Vijayanagar Rayas, but who later made themselves virtually independent, was the grandest builder in the history of the temple and the city. Formerly, pilgrims used to be fed in this Mandapa.

Samagam Meenakshi Naicker Mandapa A smaller Mandapa connects the large one with another large one with another large hall, called the "Samagam Meenakshi Naicker Mandapa", after its builder, a minister of Vijayaranga Chokkanatha (1706-32), who erected in 1707. In former times the temple's elephants camels and bulls used to be stabled here. A brass "Tiruvatchi" holding a thousand and eight lamps stands here, 7.6m high. Marudu Pandya, one of the early opponents of the growing British power, installed it.

The Meenakshi Naicker Mandapa is a huge hall, 42.9m long and 33.5m wide. It contains 110 stone columns, each 6.7m high. There are yalis in the capital and delicate reliefs below. Some of the carvings are unfinished. The "Chitra Gopura", its name amply justified by its exquisite sculptures, 740 in number, stands over the entrance from this Mandapa into the shrine complex of the Goddess. It could have been the original entrance into the sanctum. Over seven tiers, and 35.6m high, it is the tallest of those over the shrine of the Goddess. It was built about 1570 by Kalatthi Mudaliar, a son of Aryanatha Mudaliar, who helped Vishwanatha Nayak, the founder of the Madurai Nayak dynasty, to consolidate his power. He rose from poverty and obscurity to the highest post after the Nayak. There are equestrian statues of him in two places in the temple, in the Pudumandapa and in the thousand-pillared hall. The Gopura was extensively renovated in 1960-63.

Mudali Pillai Mandapa The Mudali Pillai Mandapa follows the Chitra Gopura. Added in 1613, it is 183m long and 7.6m wide. On its wall are many puranic scenes. It used to be without any natural light, but windows were added in the last renovation.

The Golden Lily Tank The lovely and historic Golden Lily tank then comes into view. It is from its banks that most popular photographic views of the temple are taken, showing the gigantic south outer Gopura. The northern corridor leads directly to the shrine of the Goddess. On its pillars are the images of some of the Sangam poets, of Kulasekhara Pandya, the first builder of the temple, and of Dhananjaya, who figures in the traditional story of its origin. There is no fish in the tank.

The corridors around the tank are rightly called the "Chitra Mandapa", for the walls carry paintings of the divine sports of the Lord, as narrated in the "Tiruvilayadal Puranam". They have been renewed from time to time. A short while ago there were paintings on wooden panels affixed over an older series. They have since been removed to the Temple Museum in the thousand-pillared Mandapa, leaving some dilapidated murals to view. It is impossible to ascertain the date of these.

It was in the sixteenth century that the corridors and the steps leading down to the tank were constructed; the northern corridor and steps in 1562, those on the east in 1573, and those on the south five years later.

The Unjal And Kilikatti Mandapas Two Mandapas, the Unjal and the Kilikatti, stand on the farther way to the shrine of the Goddess. On their ceilings are more paintings. A celebrated mural, opposite to the entrance of the shrine, depicts the marriage of Goddess Meenakshi. The Kilikatti Mandapa derives its name from the fact that there are parrots in a cage here. On its walls are carvings of the divine sports. The most ornamental of the temple's Mandapas, it was built in 1623.

A Gopura of three tiers stands over the entrance from this Mandapa into the shrine of the Goddess. Built in 1227 by Vambathura Ananda Tandava Nambi, it is named the Vambuthurar Gopura after him. The shrine consists of a square sanctum, an Ardhamandapa and a Mukhamandapa. In the niches on the walls of the shrine are images of Iccasakthi in the south, Kriyasakthi in the west, and Jnanasakthi in the north. There are shrines of Vinayaka and Subramanya in the outer Prakara. They probably belong to the fifteenth century.

Near the flagstaff is a six-pillared structure, which is of historic interest. A famous poet, Kumaragurubarar, composed verses in praise of the Goddess at the request of Tirumalai Nayak. He recited the work in this part of the temple with Tirumalai present. As he was doing so, a little girl walked upto the Nayak, took a pearl necklace from his neck, gave it to the poet and disappeared. She was the Goddess Meenakshi Herself. There is a stone bell on the ceiling of the Mukhamandapa. The entire shrine measures 68.5m by 45.7m.

On the way to the Lord's shrine from here there are two Gopuras, the Nadu Kattu over the doorway leading from the Kilikatti Mandapa, and the Gopuranayaka, which rises above the actual entrance into the shrine. Each is of five storeys and perhaps belongs to the mid-sixteenth century.

Beyond the former, facing south, is a huge image of Lord Vinayaka, engagingly the "Mukkuruni Vinayaka" from the fact that a single enormous edible, the "Kozhukattai", made from 34 kg of rice, is offered to Him on Vinayaka Chaturthi Day. There is a tradition that the image was discovered when Tirumalai Nayak was digging the beautiful tank on the outskirts of the city, called the "Vandiyur Teppakulam" .

The Kambathadi Mandapa The Kambathadi Mandapa, which contains the flagstaffs of the Lord's shrine, has, besides some of the most striking baroque sculpture in the country. It was originally built by Krishna Veerappa Nayak (1572-95) and renovated in 1877 by the Nagarattars, a class of Chettiars, who have built and renovated many a fane in Tamil Nadu.

This Mandapa encloses the Nandi shrine, two flagstaffs and the balipitha, has eight monolithic columns, which carry huge sculptures of the Lord in various forms. These includes Somasundara, the Protector of Markandeya, Nataraja, Chandrasekhara, Ardhanariswara, Dakshinamurti, Bikshatana, Somaskanda,Rudra, Ekapadamurti and Rshbaruda. There are also the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu. It is here that the celebrated sculpture of Goddess Meenakshi's marriage is to be found. On either side of the entrance there are imposing monoliths of Bhadrakali, Agora Virabhadra, Agni Virabhadra and Urdhatandava. A carved ceiling made of a single stone covers the Nandi shrine.

Over the entrance into the shrine stands a Gopura of three storeys. It was originally built by a Pandya in 1168 and, therefore, is one of the oldest surviving structures in the temple. Flanking the entrance are huge dwarapalkas, each 3.6m high, made of a single stone each, and standing on a pedestal about 1.5m high.

The shrine is a square of 10.4m. Eight elephants, thirty-two lions and sixty-four sportive dwarfs support its base. On its outer walls there are prominent niches on the three sides, each projecting 1.8m. In the south there is Dakshinamurti in the west Lingodbhava, and in the north Durga. These niches are so big as to be small shrines. Stone elephants about 3m high flank each of them. There is always a concourse of worshippers in front of the Durga image. The Vimana above the sanctum is of three storeys. The Sikhara is plated with gold.

In front of the shrine there are successively an Antarala, an Ardhamandapa, a Mukhamandapa and a Mahamandapa so that this is virtually a temple by itself. The whole measures 128m by 94.5m. There are two Prakaras and five Gopuras. The outer walls are called the "Sundara Pandya Madil" and the inner ones, which measure 76.2m by 47.5m, the "Kapali Madil". The latter is referred to by Sambandar in the 7th century.

The Historic Shrines In The Prakaras There are a number of historic shrines in the Prakaras. Opposite to an entrance into the first from the Mahamandapa there is one of Lord Sabhapathi. This is the famous Velliambalam where one of the Lord's divine sports took place when, at the request of the sages, Patanjali and Vyagrapadha, He danced as Lord Nataraja.

In the second Prakara a shrine, now called that of the Sangam poets, contains images of many of them. In the same Prakara there is a shrine apparently dedicated to Kariyamanikka Perumal, but now empty. Also in the same Prakara there is a row of fourteen small shrines, called the "isvarams". Many of them contain Lingas.

Thousand Pillared Mandapa Among the other Mandapas in the temple is the celebrated thousand pillared one. Aryanatha Mudaliar, who bestrides a horse at the entrance, erected it in 1569. Measuring 76.2m by 73m, it contains 985 pillars. The central nave leads to a shrine of Lord Sabapati. On every pillar there are sculptures. These are varied iconographic interest. Among themselves they make a veritable pantheon. On the ceiling near the entrance there is a wheel, which gives the cycle of sixty years of Tamil calendar. Fergusson calls the Mandapa "The wonder of the place".

West of it is a small Mandapa added during the renovation of 1960-63. It commemorates Sambandar's reclamation of the Pandya to Hinduism. It contains a Linga and images of 'Sambandar', 'Mangayarkarasi', 'Kulachirayar' and 'Kun Pandya'. The second was the queen, the third the minister of the Pandya.

The Kalyanamandapa The Kalyanamandapa, built by Vijayaranga Chokkanatha (who stands here in effigy) in the first decade on the eighteenth century, contains much excellent woodwork. It was originally open on all sides. In the center is a large platform, where annually the marriage of the Lord and the Goddess is celebrated. On two of the walls are two huge paintings of the "two worlds" of Hindu cosmogony, each about 1.8m in diameter.

The Pudumandapa Near the east outer Gopura stands the celebrated Pudumandapa. Built by Tirumalai Nayak between 1626 and 1633, it is a large hall, 100m by 32m, and contains a hundred and twenty four pillars. These magnificent columns carry bold reliefs. There are equestrians and yalis on the outer pillars, while at the centre there are portraits of ten Nayaks from Viswanatha, the first of them to Tirumalai.

There are, besides, some of the Tiruvilayadal scenes, the wedding of Goddess Meenakshi, Goddess Meenakshi as Thadathagai, and Ekapadamurti, among other themes. At the western end there is a canopied Mandapa, the Vasanta, where the images of the Lord and the Goddess are brought on certain festival occasions.

The Great Personal Interest Of Tirumalai Nayak In The Erection Of The Pudumandapa Loving tradition tells of the great personal interest Tirumalai Nayak took in the erection of the Pudumandapa. On one occasion, Sumandramurti Achari, the principal architect, was so deeply engrossed in sculpting a relief of the stone elephant eating sugarcane, an incident in the temple's puranic history, that he did not notice the Nayak standing by him.

The Nayak rolled some betel leaves and arecanuts and handed them to him. Thinking that it was an assistant who had done so, he took them and began to chew them without looking around. When he realised that it was the Nayak himself, he was so much affected that he damaged the two fingers of his that had taken the betel leaves. Moved by his devotion to duty, the Nayak gave him many gifts.

On another occasion a son of an artist pestered him for a mango when that fruit was not in season. He would not take no for an answer. The Nayak ordered that gold mangoes be brought from the palace. The boy was content and allowed his father to continue the work undisturbed. From this incident the family came to be called the "Mampazham" family.

When, on yet another occasion, the artist was making a sculpture of a consort of the Nayak's a chip broke off from the thigh. He started work on another image, but again the chip came off from the same place. A minister of the Nayak advised the artist to leave the image as it was. When the Nayak came to know of this from the artist, he was angry, wondering how the minister could know that his queen had a scar on her thigh. He sent for him. The minister knew that the Nayak was angry and might punish him. So he put out his eyes. At this the Nayak was filled with grief. Thereupon the minister composed a poem in the praise of the Goddess, beseeching her to give him back his eyesight if he was innocent. She restored it. The minister was a famous Sanskrit poet. Among his works are the "Shivalilamava", on the traditions of Lord Shiva in Madurai, and the "Gangavatarana", on the descent of the Ganga to the earth.

When the "Vasantha" festival was celebrated the year the Mandapa was completed, the Nayak was himself received the customary honours in person. In subsequent years they were offered to his sculpture. The practice continues.

Near the Mandapa is the base of an unfinished Gopura. Work began in 1654, but was not completed. Had it been, The Gopura would have been the tallest in the country then. It measures 53m by 35.6m at the base.

Tirukkazhukkunram (Thirukalungkundram)

Location : Near Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu Presiding Deity: Lord Shiva Also Known As: Pakshi Teertham Classical Name: Vedagiri

A Mystery Tirukkazhukkunram is located nine miles Southeast of Chengalpattu, which popularly known as "Pakshi Teertham" and it is one of the most visited pilgrim centres of Tamil Nadu. A pair of kites daily visit at 12.00 noon, have their food and then fly away. This has been happening for centuries and why the particular two kites true to the clock visit the temple on the maintain is a mystery.

According to a popular belief these kites have their bath at Banaras, worship at Rameswaram, take their food at Pakshi Teertham and then rest at Chidambaram.

Legend Behind The Classical Name Tirukkazhukkunram was once upon a time called as "Vedagiri", which means that the hill represents the four Vedas. Initially the Vedas were one, but were later divided into many. The Vedas did not like this division and requested Shiva to make them into one with their 'Angas' (sciences). Then it is believed that Lord Shiva directed the Vedas to take the form of the mountains at Tirukkazhukkunram and promised to be present there to receive their offerings.

The Legend Once upon a time two Rishis named Athi and Sambu who were brothers lived near about. The elder of them Athi was devoted to Shiva and the younger Sambu to Sakti. They were very much devoted to their respective deities and led a saintly life. They fell into a quarrel regarding the superiority of the deities worshipped by them.

Lord Shiva appeared and resolved the dispute explaining them that the co-ordination of both Sakti and Shiva is necessary for creation and continuance thereof. But this did not satisfy the brothers and Shiva became angry and cursed them to become vultures, as they did not consent to the solution given by him. At this, the Rishis fell on the feet of Lord Shiva and repented. Shiva promised them they would be relieved at the end of Dwapara Yuga. The two Rishis were accordingly born as vultures and worshipped Shiva daily. These are the two vultures who had been visiting the temple at the top of the hill at mid-day to worship Shiva and who are offered food.

There is another legend according to which Lord Vishnu on a visit to Mount Kailash left his servant Garuda to be taken care by Nandi. Garuda spoke ill about Lord Shiva to Nandi, who would not tolerate the insult of his master. The breath of Nandi in anger was of such force that Garuda found he in danger and cried for help. On hearing the cry Lord Vishnu came out and requested Shiva to intervene and prevent Nandi from doing any harm to Garuda. Then Shiva rebuked Nandi and advised him that wisdom should not give way to anger. Nandi was advised by Lord Shiva to do penance at Pakshi Teertham (also spelt as Tirtha or Theertha).

About The Temple It is believed that a Chola ruler of Mahabalipuram built the temple. The temple is built on 3 huge blocks of stones, which form its inner walls, and one can see the relief sculptures, one of Shiva and Parvati with child Subrahmanya and another of Shiva as Yoga Dakshinamurti with two Rishis. These two Rishis are the ones who at present visit the site as kites. A third sculpture on the southern wall represents Shiva as Chandeswara and Nandikeswara. There is a huge Lingam (also spelt as linga) in the centre of a cell, which is the central shrine at the top of the hill.

There are two routes to reach the top of the hill, one by steep steps and the other by moderately sloping steps. A beautiful tank is situated down the hill that is known as "Sankha Teertham" in which Valampiri (right-turned) chanks, held as highly auspicious by Hindus, are said to appear once in 12 years.

It is considered as most auspicious even to have a look at the chanks. A kind of buzzing sound is always heard from the chanks, which is worshipped. It is believed also that the water preserved in the chanks overnight after performing the purificatory rites gets the property to heal diseases. HOW TO GET THERE Air: The nearest airport is at Chennai, which has both national and international terminals. Rail: Chengalpattu railway station is just 60 minutes from Chennai. Tourists can get down at Chennai railway station and proceed to Chengalpattu, as only few trains pass through Chengalpattu station. Road: Chengalpattu being very close to Chennai (capital city of the state) is well connected by road with the major towns and cites of Tamil Nadu. Tourists can take private taxis from Chennai. WHERE TO STAY Being the capital city of the state, Chennai is well equipped with various kinds of accommodation options, varying from economic class to luxurious ones.

Thanjavur

Location : Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Built By: Rajaraja Chola In 11th Century Main Deity: Lord Shiva- Peruvudaiyar, Rajarajeswaramudaiyar Important Festivals Celebrated: The Annual Festival Celebrated For 9 Days In The Month Of Visaka (May-June)

The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur is an architectural wonder and reflects the artistic skills of the erstwhile Chola rulers who ruled peninsular India in the early medieval period. Built by the Chola king Rajaraja I in the 11th century, it is one of the tallest temples in the world. It was so designed that the Vimana never casts a shadow at noon at any part of the year.

About The Temple The origin of the magnificent Brihadeeswara temple goes back to the late 10th and the early 11th century, when Rajaraja Chola, the great Chola ruler, ruled a kingdom that spread through a large part of peninsular India. Rajaraja Chola, like other Chola rulers, was a great patron of art and architecture. During the time of the Cholas, most of the magnificent temples as well as exquisite bronze sculptures in South India were created. The style and grace of these sculptures and temples, and an eye for the minutest of the details, till today, is without parallel.

Temple Architecture Sama Varma was the chief architect of the Chola court and was commissioned by Rajaraja Chola to build the House of God. Sama Varma began his work diligently and took his work seriously. He began to design a structure, which was to stand on a 29m square base and rise up to a height of about 65 m. Like all other Chola temples, the Brihadeeswara temple is also a fully carved structure.

A 107 paragraph long inscription on the walls of the Vimanam records the contributions of Rajaraja Chola and his sister Kundavai to the Thanjavur temple. The temple stands within a fort, whose walls are later additions built in the 16th century. The towering Vimanam is about 200 feet in height and is referred to as "Dakshina Meru".

The octogonal Shikharam rests on a single block of granite weighing 81 tons. It is believed that this block was carried up a specially built ramp built from a site 6 kilometres away from here. Huge Nandis dot the corners of the Shikharam (also spelt as Shikhara), and the Kalasam on top by itself is about 3.8 meteres in height. Hundreds of stucco figures bejewel the Vimanam, although it is possible that some of these may have been added on during the Maratha period.

The Shivalingam - Peruvudaiya, Rajarajeswaramudaiya - is a huge one, set in a two storeyed sanctum, and the walls surrounding the sanctum delight visitors as a storehouse of murals and sculpture. The Shivalinga of Sri Brihadeeswara is probably the grandest in existence. This image was originally called "Adavallan" (the one who is good in Dance). Another name was Dakshina-Meru Vitanken. Rajaraja Cholan calls the image Rajarajeswaramudaiya, - The Lord of Rajarajeswaram.

The long Prakaram surrounds the great temple (500 feet/250 feet), and the walls surrounding the Prakaram again go back to Rajaraja Cholan's period. The walls house long pillared corridors, which abound in murals, Shiva Lingams and Nandis. The Periya Nayaki temple within the temple is a later addition from the Pandya period, and so is the Subramanya temple sung later by the Saint poet Arunagirinathar.

Noteworthy Sculptural Art Incidents from the lives of the Nayanmars, several of the 108 Bharatanatyam dance postures, manifestations of Shiva (Aadalvallaan, Nataraja, Tripurantaka, Dakshinamurthi etc.) are depicted in sculptured panels or in exquisite Chola murals. Both the interior and the exterior walls of the temple are replete with images of the kind described above.

The Sanctum, the Ardhamandapam, the Mukhamandapam and the Mahamandapam, although distinct, form a composite unit with an imposing appearance that awes visitors, forcing one to wonder how such timeless architectural feat was executed about 1000 years ago. Entrances to the Mandapams and the towered entrances to the Prakarams are majestic. The grandeur of the architecture and the sculptural finesse speaks volumes of the skills of the Imperial Cholas.

The Nandi, which dates back to the Nayak period, is housed in its own Mandapam and it matches up to the grandeur and size of the temple. It is a monolithic Nandi weighing about 25 tonnes, and is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long.

Sub Shrines Within The Temple

The various shrines within the temple include the Shrine of Sri Subramanya in the northwest corner, Shrine of Goddess Sri Brihannayagi, Sri Chandeeswara Shrine, Shrine of Ganapati, Shrine of Dakshinamurti in the north eastern corner, the colossal monolith figure on Nandi, the sacred bull, in the central courtyard and the Shrine of Karuvurar

The Shrine Of Sri Subramanya The Shrine of Sri Subramanya has been pronounced to be "As exquisite piece of decorative architecture as is to be found in the south of India" and "A perfect gem of carved stone work, the tooling of the stone in the most exquisitely delicate and elaborate patterns, remaining as clear and sharp as the day it left the sculptor's hands". Its correct place in the evolution of Dravidian temple architecture would be modern, giving it a date not earlier than 600 AD and is popularly believed to be of the Nayak period.

The shrine consist of a tower 55 feet high, raced on a base 45-sq-feet, covered with delicately carved figured, pillars and pilasters and carried on along a corridor 50 feet long, communicating with another Mandapam 50 feet sq. to the east. Flights of steps lead up to either side of the shrine but the principal entrance is to the east. The walls of the pillared Manadapam are decorated with the portraits of the Mahratta rulers.

The Shrine Of Goddess Brihanayaki The Shrine of Goddess Brihanayaki is a later addition, constructed in the second year of a konerinmaikondan-probably a later Pandya of the 13th century. It is said that the original shrine of the Goddess, was located in the adjoining Shivaganga gardens and was later removed to main courtyard of the temple by the one of the Nayaks.

The Shrine Of Ganapati The Shrine of Ganapati is in the southwestern corner of the court and is of the time of Sarfoji II. Seven images of Ganapati are said to have been set up by Rajaraha Chola, 2 in the dancing posture, 3 seated comfortably, and the remaining 2 standing.

The Shrine Of Chandeeswara The shrine on the north central court is the only one put up contemporaneously with the main temple. Chandeeswara is one of the 63 Saiva saints and is considered to have been made the chief of Saiva devotees by Lord Shiva. He is assigned a shrine and a honoured place in every Shiva temple. He was looked upon as the manager of the temple. Any worshipper visiting a Shiva temple has to appear at the Chandeeswara shrine before leaving the temple premises and clap his hands evidently to satisfy the God that he is not taking away any temple property with him.

Sri Dakshinamurti Shrine Sri Dakshinamurti sanctum, with image as originally enshrined in one of the niches of the Vimanam, abutting the south wall of the main temple and approached by a steep flight of 21 stone steps is distinctly a later addition.

The Great Nandi

The Nandi within an elaborately worked Nayak Mandapam is massive and striking. The Nandi is 12 feet high, 19.5 feet long and 18.25 feet wide. The Nandi is a monolith weighing about 25 tons and the stone is said to have come from a bed of Gneiss at the foot of Pachaimalai near Perambalur. Another version is that the stone was brought over from the bed of the River Narmada in the north.

There is a tradition that the Nandhi is growing in size with the progress of time. It was feared it might become too large for the Mandapam erected over it and a nail was driven into the back of it, and since, its size has remained stationery. Two portraits statuesque on the front pillars of the Nandi Mandapam are pointed out as those of Sevappanayakan (the first Nayak ruler) and of his son Achyutappa Nayak.

Saint Karuvurar's Shrine Behind the main temple and under the shade of a Neem and a Mandarai is a modern looking shrine, dedicated to a great Siddha, Karuvur Devar, popularly known as "Karuvurar". The Karur Stalapurana narrates how the saint helped Rajaraja Chola in the installation of the great Brihadeeswara Shivalingam in the sanctum sanctorum at the time of the consecration of the temple. A place appears to have been assigned to him for this reason, in the temple court. Thursdays are held sacred for his worship and shrine attracts large crowd of devotees.

Temple Timings The temple is kept open from 5:30 in the morning to 12:00 in the noon. The temple usually remains closed during the noon hours, and reopens in the evening at 4:00 p.m. The temple closes in the night after the last pujas are performed by 8:00 p.m.

FestivitiesEvery month, the day on which the ruling star is Satabhishag is treated as a festival as that was the ruling star at the time of Rajaraja's birth. The other festival is Krittika day in the month of Karttika (also spelt as Kartik). The annual festival for 9 days is celebrated in the month of 'Visaka' (May-June), during which the drama of Raja Rajeswara is also enacted. The deity is daily bathed with fragrant water in which the buds of big Champaka flowers have been soaked. Ghee is used in place of oil for keeping the temple lamps burning. On festival days, the offering consists of eight varieties of cooked rice (mixed with tamarind, coconut, lime, juice, jaggery, gingelly, curd, etc.). Other items include cake made with Dal, rice, pepper and mustard; vegetable dishes, fried vegetables, sugar, plantain fruits, tamarind, curd and ghee, and other items. Regular Puja ServicesEvery day, regular pujas are performed to the deities in the holy shrine. Pujas include Archana, Abhishekam (also spelt as Abhishek) and Prasad o ffering. The daily offering to the deity consists of cooked rice (rice hulled from paddy stocked for not less than four months should be used for cooking purposes), vegetable dishes, ghee, Dal, rice boiled in milk, and Pansupari. HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Trichy (65-km). Rail: There is a railway junction in Thanjavur. It is well connected with Trichy, Chennai, Madurai and Nagore. Road: Thanjavur is well connected by road with all the major towns and cities in Tamil Nadu and also with Kochi, Ernakulam, and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala and Bangalore in Karnataka. There are regular bus services for visiting all places of interest in and around Thanjavur. Tourist taxis are also available. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the moderate class hotels, dharmasalas and lodges in Thanjavur. Kanchipuram

Location : 75-Km From Chennai, Tamil Nadu Called: Religious Capital Of South India Famous Temples In Kanchipuram: Kamakshi Amman Temple, Varadaraja Temple, Kailashanathar Temple, Ekambareshwar Temple, Kumara Kottam, Ulahalanda Perumal Temple Important Festivals Celebrated: Brahmotsavam -Varadaraja Temple In May; Garuda Sevai- Varadaraja Temple In June; Float Festival -Varadaraja Temple In February And November; Kamakshi Ammam Festival - February; Mahashivaratri Festival - Kailashanatha Temple In February; Panguni Uthiram -Ekambareshwara Temple In March-April.

Land Of Thousand Temples Kanchipuram is a small, rural town about 75-km from Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu. With the Sankara Mutt acting as the hub of Hindu activities and the temples, Kanchipuram is one of the most highly visited pilgrimage spots in India, and can rightfully be called the "

Religious Capital of South India".

Kanchipuram was under the Pallavas from the 6th to 8th century AD and later became the citadel of the Cholas, Vijayanagar Kings, the Muslim and the British. It has been a center of Tamil learning, cultural and religious background for centuries. Kanchipuram has magnificent temples of unique architectural beauty bearing eloquent testimony to its glorious Dravidian heritage.

All the religious cities in India support one of the two sects in Hinduism - Vaishnavism and Shaivism, but Kanchipuram has blended itself equally to both the sects, dividing itself into Vishnu Kanchi, surrounding the Varadaraja Temple, and Shiva Kanchi, surrounding the Ekambareshwar (also spelt as Ekambareshwa) Temple, while the Kamakshi Amman Temple stands in between as a place of Shakti worship.

Kamakshi Amman Temple India has three main cities where the Goddess Shakti is worshipped. Kanchipuram holds the most important rank among the three. In the same order, the three places are Kanchipuram, where the Goddess Kamakshi is worshipped, Madurai, where the Goddess Meenakshi is worshipped, and Kashi, where the deity is 'Visaalakshi'.

The Kamakshi Amman temple is the hub of all religious activities in Kanchipuram. The temple is also in closer control of the Shankara Mutt, unlike the other temples, which are governed either by the Department of Archeology, Government of India, or the Hindu Temples Department of the Tamil Nadu Government. The kings of the Chola Empire built the temple in 14th century AD.

The main tower over the sanctum (Vimanam) of the temple is gold plated. Also of significance is the Golden Chariot in this temple. The Golden Chariot is taken in a procession around the temple on Friday evenings around 7.00 p.m. This temple also features an Art Gallery with pictures depicting the history of Sri Adishankaracharya and the Shankara Mutt.

Kailashanathar Temple Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Kailashanathar (also spelt as Kailashnatha) is one of the earliest temples built by the Pallava ruler Rajasimha Pallava and was completed by his son, Mahendra Varma Pallava in the 8th century AD. It is the oldest structure in Kanchipuram and the finest example of Pallava architecture in South India. The temple is situated among several low-roofed houses just over 1-km west of the town center.

Of all the temples in India, no other edifice has been so elaborately filled with all the 64 aspects of Lord Shiva. The temple is unique in its architecture and is viewed more as an architectural wonder than as a holy place. Hence, it is never crowded with locals. But, once in a year during Shivaratri festival large crowds visit the temple and there could be hours of waiting in long queues.

Ekambareshwar Temple Ekambareshwar temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, is one of the largest temples in Kanchipuram, spreading over an area of 12.14 hectares. This ancient temple is surrounded by a huge stonewall built in the early 16th century during the days of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Ekambareshwar temple is of hoary antiquity, beginning as a small fane, it has grown over the centuries into a large one with innumerable shrines, Mandapams, Gopurams and Tanks. It is considered to be one of the most ancient temples in India and has been in existence even prior to 600 AD. It enshrines many traditions.

Kumara Kottam Kumara Kottam is located in between the Kamakshi and Ekambareshwar temples in the Somaskanda formation in the town of Kanchipuram. It is a well-visited temple with two Prakarams and a complete pantheon of Parivara Devatas enshrined in their respective shrines.

In the sanctum, Muruga is in a seated pose. Valli, Deivayani are absent here, but their festival idols are kept here. In accordance with the function of Creation he has assumed, his right arm is in Abaya pose, the upper hand holds the rosary, and the lower left arm is on the thigh in Katyavailambita pose with the left arm holding the Kamandalam. The posture is also called "Brahma Chattam".

Here only honey is used for ablutions. When one comes out after worshipping the main deity, one can see the festival idols. In the front part of the temple in the mirror room one can see the marble figure of Ramalinga Swamigal.

Varadaraja Temple The Varadaraja temple is one of the important shrines of Sri Vaishnavites, also known as "Hastigiri" and is one of the celebrated Vaishnava Divya Desams, located in Vishnu Kanchi or "the Little Kanchi". Originally it was known as "Attiyuran". The main deity here is Varadaraja Perumal in a standing posture facing west and the Lord here is also known as "Devaraja", "Pranatharthihara", "Deva Perumal", "Athiyooran" and "Perarulalan".

Varadaraja temple with superb art has a magnificent history, which is associated with Sri Ramanuja, who used to serve here. Many miracles are said to have occurred. It was with his ministry that the temple, then already several centuries old, began to gain fame.

Ulahalanda Perumal Temple Ulahalanda Perumal temple, situated about half a kilometre from the centre of the town near Kamakshi Amman temple is one of the oldest temples in Kanchipuram. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal in this temple represents the "Vamana Roopam", an incarnation of Lord Vishnu taken to save the Devas from the Demon king Mahabali. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal is depicted by a huge image of about 35 feet high.

Festivals Celebrated In Kanchipuram Some of the important festivals celebrated in Kanchipuram are the Brahmotsavam -Varadaraja temple in May; Garuda Sevai- Varadaraja temple in June; Float festival -Varadaraja temple in February and November; Kamakshi Ammam Festival - February; Mahashivaratri festival - Kailashanatha temple in February; Panguni Uthiram -Ekambareshwara temple in March-April.

Ekambareswara Temple

Location : Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu Dates Back To: 600 AD Deity Worshipped: : Ekambareshwar (Lord Shiva) Important Festival Celebrated: Panguni Festival (March-April)

History Of The Temple

Ekambareshwar temple is of hoary antiquity, beginning as a small fane, it has grown over the centuries into a large one with innumerable shrines, Mandapams, Gopurams and Tanks. It is considered to be one of the most ancient temples in India and has been in existence even prior to 600 AD. It enshrines many traditions.

Second century Tamil poetry speaks of Kamakottam, and the Kumarakottam (currently the Kamakashi Amman temple and the Subramanya temple). The existing structure then, was pulled down and rebuilt by the Pallava Kings. The Cholas who came in later also made several contributions to this temple.

All of the four revered Saivite Saints have sung the glory of this temple. The Saint poet Sundaramoorthy Nayanar is said to have recovered his eyesight (left eye) after offering worship here.

The Legend According to the legend Goddess Parvati once worshipped a linga (also spelt as lingam) in the bed of streamlet, the Kampa, flowing near the Kanchi Mayanam, which has now been developed into a shrine. To test her devotion the Lord caused freshes in the river in her anxiety to save the linga (also spelt as lingam) from being washed away, she hugged it to her bossom. Lord Shiva touched by the gesture materialized in person and married her.

In this context he is referred to as 'Tazhuvakkuzhainthaar' in Tamil. There is no separate shrine for the Goddess in this temple as she is worshipped along with Lord Shiva.

About The Temple Ekambareswara Temple is a vast temple with high rising Gopurams, which dominate the skyline of

Kanchipuram the historic capital of the Pallavas. Lord Shiva is worshipped as Prithvi Lingam, symbolizing earth - one of the five primordial elements.

The Pallavas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagar Kings have renovated Ekambareshwar temple. The 57 meters (188") high RajaGopuram is one of the tallest towers in South India. No separate shrine for Parvati exists here. Pallavas, Cholas and the Vijayanagar Kings especially Krishna Deva Raya have contributed to this temple.

The Idol And Deities The presiding deity here is Ekambareswara (also spelt as Ekambeshwara) or Lord Shiva, worshipped as the Prithivi Lingam. The Linga (also spelt as lingam) in the main sanctum is made of sand, representing the element of earth. The name of the Lord is said to have been derived from an ancient mango tree near the sanctum. Its branches are believed to represent the Vedas. It is said that the mango tree has some unusual properties. Each leaf is of different shape, and each branch bears fruit that tastes differently.

It is also said that the word Ekamra comes from the word, "Kamba" or pillar, a synonym for the "pillar of fire", or "Sthanu" a well-known name of Lord Shiva. A Somaskanda panel featuring Lord Shiva, Parvati and Skanda adorns the rear of the main shrine, which has been held in worship for centuries together.

Services And Festivities Six worship services called "UshadKalam", "Kaalasanthi", "Uchi Kaalam", "Pradosham", "Sayaratchai" and "Ardhajamam" are offered each day in this temple.

Colorful festivals such as Ani Tirumanjanam (June-July), Adi Kritikai (July-August), Avani Moolam (August - September), Navaratri (September-October), Kartikai Deepam (November-December), Thai Poosam (January-February), Panguni Uthiram (March-April), Chitra Pournami (April-May) and Vaikashi Vishakam (May-June) mark the temple's annual calendar.

The Panguni festival lasts for 13 days and it is during this festival that the wedding of the presiding deity is celebrated, and the venerated Tamil poems of the Nayanmars ("Tirumurais") are sung in great splendor.

Kailasanathar Temple

Location : Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu Dedicated To: Lord Shiva Built By: : Rajasimha Pallava And His Son Mahendra Varma Pallava Festival Celebrated: Shivaratri Festival

Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Kailasanathar (also spelt as Kailashnatha) is one of the earliest temples built by the Pallava ruler Rajasimha Pallava and was completed by his son, Mahendra Varma Pallava in the 8th century AD. It is the oldest structure in Kanchipuram and the finest example of Pallava architecture in South India. The temple is situated among several low-roofed houses just over 1-km west of the town centre.

This temple is viewed more as an architectural wonder than as a holy place. Hence, it is never crowded with locals. At any time, you will find only a couple of tourists in addition to the priest. Of course, this scenario changes occasionally, when busloads of tourists arrive, only to stay around for less than half an hour. But, once in a year during Shivaratri festival large crowds visit the temple and there could be hours of waiting in long queues.

About The Temple This temple is unique in its architecture. The walls and the Vimanam of this temple are filled with great sculptures and paintings. Walls in the dim interior bear traces of frescoes, and the ceilings are etched with religious verses written in Pali. The early Pallavas scooped rocks to from a temple, while Rajasimha placed granites to form a freestanding temple with Prakarams, Ghostas, Mandapams and Vimanam.

A huge kneeling Nandi stands in the front facing the temple and a look at it clearly indicates it must have been painted in gorgeous colours once. At the entrance are eight sub-shrines, of which, Rangapatakai, queen of Rajasimha, built the third from the right.

The shrine next in the entrance and opposite to the main shrine is called "Mahendresvaram" and was built by the king's son Mahendran. This structure is almost like a small shrine with Divitala Tara Vimanam sheltering a Tara Linga and a Somaskanda relief in the sanctum.

At the back of this shrine on the outside and facing west is the Pallava king Rajasimha with his queen Rangapatakai canopied by a parasol. In ancient times, it was the custom to equate kings with the queen raised to a divine status in more than 3 places in niches in the outer Prakaram. Their 2 hands recognize them, while Gods are endowed with four.

Paintings of Fresco-style adorn the inner walls of the shrines. Sandstone was used in the construction of this temple. It is the only temple at Kanchipuram, which is not cluttered with the more recent additions of the Chola and Vijayanagar rulers. Fragments of the 8th century murals, which once graced the alcoves, are a visible remainder of how magnificent the temple must have looked, when it was first built.

The sanctum (inaccessible to non-Hindus) shelters a sturdy sixteen-sided black Linga (also spelt as lingam), guarded by elephant-headed Ganesh and Lord Shiva's other son, Skanda, the God of war, with whom the King Rajasimha was closely associated. Double walls were built round the sanctuary to support the weighty tower above; the passage between them is used as a circumambulatory path as part of the ritual worship of Lord Shiva.

The Innumerable Forms Of Lord Shiva Of all the temples in India, no other edifice has been so elaborately filled with all the 64 aspects of Lord Shiva and something else. Two circuits, one outer and another around the sanctum adorn this temple. It is not mere walls that fringe the corridor. Small shrine-like cells have been constructed along the entire length of both sides and filled with the various exploits of Lord Shiva, not found anywhere else.

Shiva Lilarnavam, Sambu Nadaname and such other literatures have exquisitely described the dances of Lord Shiva. Come straight to this temple and walk around the corridor. The cells on the periphery are small, while on the inner wall they are big with big images.

Lord Shiva's leg outstretched and piercing the high heavens; Gajantaka who attired himself with the torn skin of the elephant Asura, with Uma standing coyly nearby; Bhikasadana who with his comely figure disturbed the hearts of the wives of the sages, and as a charming Mohini lured the sages from their rituals; "Ardanari", a half blended with Uma; "Sandya Thandava Shiva who danced at dusk wielding a Trisula (also spelt as Trishula); Gangadara who stemmed the force of Ganga in his locks; Brahma-Chiracheda murthi who clipped off the fifth head of Brahma by his nail; "Vishapaharana" who arrested the poison Alahala in his throat; Gowriprasada who changed the colour from black to a golden hue; "Chanda Thandavan" with "Rowdram" (anger), "Karunai" (mercy), "Sringar" (amour), "Bayam" (fear), "Nagai" (Smile) and "Veeryam" (Valour) exhibited in his face.

Thiripurantakan who without a single weapon destroyed the Asuras (demons) with his mere smile, Kritarjunamurti in the guise of a hunter, Chandesvara Anugraha, LinGodbavar, Bairava, Harihara are some the innumerable forms of Lord Shiva that can be witnessed here.

Ulahalanda Perumal Temple

Location : Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu Presiding Deity: Ulahalanda Perumal (Lord Vishnu)

Ulahalanda Perumal temple, situated about half a kilometre from the centre of the town near Kamakshi Amman temple is one of the oldest temples in Kanchipuram. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal in this temple represents the Vamana Roopam, incarnation of Lord Vishnu taken to save the Devas from the Demon King Mahabali. The deity Ulahalanda Perumal is depicted by a huge image of about 35 feet high.

The Legend

The Legend behind this temple goes like this; Mahabali was an ardent devotee of Brahma. He performed penance and acquired powers with which he harassed the Devas. The Devas then appealed to Vishnu for protection. King Mahabali never refused alms; so knowing this Lord Vishnu devised a scheme to humble him. Lord Vishnu took the form of a dwarfish Brahmin and went to King Bali and begged for land, an extent of three paces of his steps, so that he could sit there and meditate. Mahabali thought this was a small request by a small man and accepted it.

As soon as he accepted the request of dwarfish Brahmin, had transformed himself as Vamana taKing a mammoth form. Then he covered the three worlds with his two paces, and asked King Bali where he could measure his third pace. Bali could not find any other place but his head and showed it to Vamana. Lord Vishnu then put his feet on his head and pushed him to the netherworld but spared his life because of his virtues and penance and ordered him not to harass the Devas. It is this manifestation that is worshipped as Sri Ulahalanda Perumal.

Varadaraja Temple

Location : Kanchipuram, 80 Km From Chennai Presiding Deity: Varadaraja Originally Known As: Attiyuran Festivals Celebrated: Annual Brahmotsavam During May-June And Adhyayanotsavam During December-January

The temple of Varadaraja is located in Kanchipuram, 80 km from Chennai. The Varadaraja temple is one of the important shrines of Sri Vaishnavites and is also known as "Hastigiri" and it is one of the celebrated Vaishnava Divya Desams, located in Vishnu Kanchi or the little Kanchi. Originally it was known as "Attiyuran". Sri Varadaraja Swami is also known as 'Devaraja', 'Pranatharthihara', 'Deva Perumal', 'Athiyooran' and 'Perarulalan'.

History Of The Temple This temple with superb art has a magnificent history, which is associated with Sri Ramanuja, who used to serve here. Many miracles are said to have occurred. It was with his ministry that the temple, then already several centuries old, began to gain fame. The base hall was rebuilt in 1053 by the Cholas on the east west axis, to signify a cave in the hill, within which the icon of Narasimha sits as a 'Yogi' facing west. The earliest surviving inscription in the temple is dated 1703.

Varadaraja temple was expanded vastly during the reign of Kulottunga Chola-I and his son Vikrama Chola (1075 - 1135). A separate shrine for Perundevi was built on the southwest, facing the sanctum, (rebuilt in 15th century). By 14th century, the Cholas built another encircling wall including a tank etc with a gateway and a 7-storied tower. Its hundred-pillared Mandapam is one of the great achievements of the Vijayanagar artist.

The Legend Tradition states that it was on the site of the main sanctum that Lord Brahma once performed a grand sacrifice. Legend has it that Bharma worshipped Vishnu in 'Krita Yugam', "Gajendran" in 'Treta Yugam' (also spelt as Yuga or Yug), "Bhrihaspati" in 'Dwapara Yugam' (also spelt as Dwapar Yug) and "Adiseshan" in 'Kaliyugam' (also spelt as Kalyug).

When Saraswati, taKing the form of a fast flowing river, the Vegavati, which runs a few km from Kanchipuram, attempted to wash away the area, Lord Vishnu, the deity now enshrined in the Tiruvekha temple, laid himself down flat to stop its progress. When Lord Brahma's sacrifice was successfully concluded, Lord Vishnu emerged resplendent as a thousand suns, as Devarajaswami, the King of the Gods. Granting the request of Lord Brahma he remained here in this temple.

Bhutattaalwar, one of the earliest of the Alwars, has sung of this temple. The name Hastigiri is applied in the connotation of Gajendra Moksham (also spelt as Moksha) and from The Legend that Indras elephant Airavatam - in the form of a hill bears the image of Vishnu. The name Attiyurar emerges from the tradition that the original image of Varadaraja Perumal here was made from Attimaram. This ancient wooden image is worshipped for 10 days, once in 40 years.

The Temple The older structures are all lost in series of rebuilding and additions. The temple is now about 335m long and over 192m wide. It has four Prakarams, with two huge Gopurams on the west, which is the main entrance, and on the east. The main sanctum is on a hillock, the Hasthigir. The shrine is a square and has a barrel-vaulted sikhara, called the "Punyakoti Vimana", itself an object of worship. There are two Mandapams in front of it and also a closed pradakshinapath, which is considered the first Prakaram. There are some paintings of late Vijayanagar times here.

Around the foot of the hillock, to which the devotees descend by a flight of twenty-four steps runs the second Prakaram. A double-storied pillared colonnade encloses it. It contains four shrines. One of these is of "Malayala Nachiar", or the Consort from Kerals, probably a relic of the Chera occupation of Kanchipuram early in the fourteenth century. There is a shrine dedicated to Lord Narasimha on the hill lock.

The third Prakaram too contains a number of shrines and Mandapam. The most important of these is the shrine of Goddess, Perundevi Thayar. It is customary to offer worship here before going to the Sri Varadaraja Shrine. It is a splendid glowing Vijayanagar structure. The Mandapam has ornamental double pillars with rearing cavaliers, as in the celebrated hundred-column Mandapam in the fourth Prakaram. Adjacent to the shrine there is a dainty Mandapam carrying four pillars, standing on a high basement. The pillars and the ceiling are of great beauty.

The fourth and the outermost Prakaram, which is the largest, contain two tanks besides many shrines and Mandapam. In one of the tanks, the impressive Anantasaras, a wooden image of the Lord is kept submerged. Previously it is taken out for worship and then replaced.

Nearby is the Kalyana Mandapam, a marvel, which was built in the second half of the 16th century. Occupying an area of about 167 sq.km and set on a lofty basement 1.8 m high, it contains ninety-six pillars. Those on the facade carry, on their shafts, warriors astride rearing steeds. Most of these cavaliers, who wear swords, are familiar from Vijayanagar sculptures elsewhere.

But there are also others with carbines or muskets and they are probably Portuguese. There are two smaller four-pillared Mandapams in this Prakaram called "Thulabhara Mandapams", they were probably built for a ceremony in 1532 when Achyutha, the Vijayanagar Raja, weighed himself against pearls and gifted these to the temple. They are identical in form and style.

Two huge Gopurams stand on the east and the west. Today the main entrance is through the latter. The former is seldom used because, it is said, it was through it that, in 1688, when a Muslim invasion was expected, the images of the Lord and his consorts were taken away to safety.

They remained in Udayarpalayam for twenty-two years. When attempts were made to bring them back, the local chieftain would not part with them. There upon, a religious preceptor enlisted the services of Todarmal. He overawed the chieftain with a small force. There are images of Todarmal, his mother and his wife near the entrance from the third to the fourth Prakaram in this temple. There are also images of these three in the Tirumala temple.

The western Gopuram, which faces the town, is of late Cholas times. It is smaller than the eastern, which Vijayanagar in style and is about 45.7 m high. It rather resembles the main Gopuram of the Sri Ekamranath temple. In fact, these two huge Gopurams seem to mark the eastern and western ends of the town when viewed from a distance, say, from the Chennai road.

The Deities The main deity here is Varadaraja Perumal in a standing posture facing west. Perundevi Taayaar is housed in a separate temple within the complex. Other shrines here include those to Kannan, the Alwars, and the Acharyas, Ramar, Kariamanikka Perumaal, Andal and Varaaha Perumaal.

Services And Festivities Priests, who are said to be descendants of Yagna Vakyar, offer four worship services to the deity everyday. The annual Brahmotsavam is celebrated in the month of Vaikasi (May-June), while the Adhyayanotsavam is celebrated in the month of Margazhi (December-January). The Garuda Sevai and the Chariot festival during the Brahmotsavam draw thousands of pilgrims. During Chitra Pournami and Pongal, the deity is taken out to the neighbouring areas.

Chidambaram

Location : In Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu Associated With: Lord Nataraja Or Shiva In His Ananda Tandava Pose Significance: Akasha Lingam Festivals Celebrated: Two Annual Bhramotsavams Celebrated During The Months Of Margazhi (December 15 - January 15) And Aani (June-July) And The Natyanjali Festival Celebrated In February-March.

Chidambaram is one of the most ancient and most celebrated shrines in India located in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. It is of great religious as well as historic and cultural significance. Chidambaram is associated with Lord Nataraja or Shiva in his "Ananda Tandava" pose (the Cosmic Dance of bliss) in the cosmic golden hall and the hall of consciousness ('Chit Sabha').

Lord Shiva is worshipped here in the "formless form" of the Chidambara Rahasyam, and the temple is known for its "Akasha" Lingam (Sky Lingam), an embodiment of Shiva as the formless Space. This is one of the few temples where Shiva and Vishnu are enshrined under one roof.

Antiquity Of The Temple The origins of this vast temple are buried in antiquity. Literature talks of a tradition of Shiva (Nataraja) worship in existence even as early as the Sangam period (very earlier on in the Christian era), and the Tamil Saints have sung its fame when an established worship tradition was in place. The later Chola Kings (Aditya I and Parantaka I) adorned the roof of the shrine with gold, and the other Chola Kings treated Nataraja as their guardian deity and made several endowments to the temple as temple inscriptions testify. The Pandya Kings who followed them, and the later Vijayanagar rulers made several endowments to the temple. There is a stone image of Krishnadevaraya in the North Gopura, which he is said to have erected. In the wars of the 18th century, this temple was used as a fort, especially when the British General Sir Eyre Coote unsuccessfully tried to capture it from the Mysore Kings. During this period, the images of Nataraja and Shivakamasundari were housed in the Tiruvarur Tyagaraja temple for safety.

The Dedicated Poems Muthuswami Deekshitar, one of the foremost composers in the Carnatic Music tradition sings the glory of this temple in his Kriti 'Ananda Natana Prakasam'. The Alwar Poems of the Naalayira Divya Prabandam sing the glory of Lord Vishnu, whose image is also housed in this temple, and his shrine is referred to as 'Tiruchitrakootam'.

Adi Shankara is said to have presented a Spatika Lingam, which is still under worship in this temple. Sekkizhaar's Periya Puranam, describing poetically the life of the Saivite Saints (63 in number) was composed in the 1,000-pillared hall, and was expounded by the author himself in the presence of the Chola emperor Kulottunga II, who had commissioned the work, amidst great festivity and fanfare.

Each of the four most revered Saivite Saints (Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar and Manikkavacakar) has worshipped at Chidambaram, and the bulk of Manikkavacakar's work is in praise of Shiva at Chidambaram. Accordingly, their images are placed in the temple entrances corresponding to their points of entry into the temple (Sambandar - South, Appar - West, Sundarar - North and Manikkavacakar - East).

Legends Associated With The Temple Aadi Sesha, the serpent (couch) of Vishnu, heard from Vishnu the grandeur of Shiva's cosmic dance. Filled with irrepressible desire to witness this dance in person at Chidambaram, Seshan descended to the earth as Patanjali (the one who descended). Vyagrapaadar, another devotee of Shiva prayed to obtain the tiger's claws so that he could obtain with ease the sacred Vilva leaves meant for Shiva's worship at Chidambaram.

At the appointed hour, Shiva (with Shivakami) granted to Patanjali and Vyagrapaadar, a visual treat in the form of his Cosmic Dance of Bliss, to the accompaniments of music played by several divine personalities in the Hindu pantheon.

This Dance of Bliss is said to have been witnessed by Vishnu, and there is a Govindaraja shrine in the Nataraja temple commemorating this. The dance of bliss of Shiva is also said to have been enacted upon Shiva's (Bhikshatana) victory over the married ascetics of Daruka Vanam.

The Legendary Dance Duel of Lord Shiva And Goddess Kali Yet another legend, commemorating the dance duel between the doyens of dances Shiva and Kali is associated with Chidambaram. Shiva is said to have lifted his left foot towards the sky in the Urdhuva Tandava posture, a definite male gesture, which out of adherence to protocol, Kali could not reciprocate, thereby causing Shiva to emerge victorious, delegating Kali to the status of a primary deity in another temple in the outskirts of Chidambaram. This legend is portrayed in the Nritta Sabha, one of the halls within the Chidambaram temple.

There is another recent legend associated with this temple. The sacred Tamil works of the Nayanmaars had been missing for several years, and it was during the period of Rajaraja Chola (the builder of the Grand temple at Thanjavur) that formal research was initiated to trace these fine works of devotional literature. These works of the Saivite Saints - rich in musical content were recovered in a dilapidated state in one of the chambers in this vast temple, after the monarch brought images of the Saint trinity in procession to the temple.

Ananda Tandavam - Dance of Lord Shiva The dance of bliss, or the Ananda Tandavam of Shiva is said to symbolize the five divine acts ("Pancha Krityas") - creation, sustenance, dissolution, concealment and bestowment of grace. The dance of Shiva has been frozen in metal and held in worship in Nataraja Sabhas, in virtually all of the Saivite temples in Tamil Nadu.

Five of the foremost Sabhas (Pancha Sabhas) are at Chidmbaram (Kanaka Sabha-the hall of gold), Madurai (Rajata Sabha-the hall of Silver), Tiruvalangadu near Chennai (Ratnasabha - the hall of rubies), Tirunelveli (Tamrasabha - the hall of copper) and Kutralam near Tirunelveli (Chitrasabha-the hall of pictures). Other dance halls of significance are "Adri Sabha" (the Himalayas), "Aadi Chitsabha" (Tiruvenkaadu near Chidambaram) and "Perur Kanakasabha" (Patteeswarar temple at Perur near Coimbatore).

Architecture Of The Temple The original temple was built during the 6th-8th centuries. There are four tall Gopurams and on the eastern tower, rising to 40.8 meters, are carved the 108 dance poses of Bharatanatyam. The whole temple spreads to around 40 acres. The temple is built based on the strict "Kundalini Chakra" orientation and according to the "Shiva Siddhanta" philosophy.

The Chidambaram Nataraja temple is a specimen of the assimilation of several architectural styles. The Nataraja Temple has five halls - the Nritta Sabha, Deva Sabha, Kanaka Sabha, Chit Sabha and Raja Sabha

The Innermost Prakaram The innermost sanctum of the temple, houses the grand images of Shiva (Nataraja) and Parvati (Shivakami) in the Chit Sabha or the hall of consciousness, adjoining which is the KanakaSabha or the Golden Hall, both these structures resting on a raised platform. The innermost Prakaram surrounds the Chit Sabha, and to the South West of Nataraja, is the shrine of Govindaraja Perumal facing east.

Chit Sabha- The Holiest Place Of The Temple The Chit Sabha, the holiest shrine in the temple, is a wooden structure supported with wooden pillars, with a hut shaped roof. It is in this hall, that the images of Nataraja and Shivakami are housed, in front of a set of two curtains, the inner (invisible) one being red in color, the outer one being black in color.

To the right of Shiva, is the revered Chidambara rahasyam - or a representation of emptiness garlanded with golden vilva leaves. The curtain in front of the Chidambara Rahasyam, representing Lord Shiva (and Goddess Parvati) in the formless form ("Aroopam") is lifted ceremoniously during worship services, with offerings of lamps.

Worshipping the five eternal elements, the temple at Tiruvannamalai has a fire lingam, Kanchipuram has the earth lingam, Kalahasthi, the wind lingam, Jambhukeshvar (also spelt as Jambhukeshva) is water and Chidambaram, the sky lingam. So when the priest draws back the curtain from the inner shrine of the presiding deity in the Chit Sabha, there is no lingam or dancing Nataraja to be seen. Only space. This is the charming mystery of Chidambaram - 'Rahasyam'. The other meanings of this Rahasyam (secret) are passed on from disciple-Guru (teacher) basis, but can be found in books like 'Chidambaram mahatmyam' written in Sanskrit.

Also in the Chitsabha are images of Ratnasabhapati (Nataraja of Ruby), the 'Spatika Lingam' of Chandramauleeswara, Swarnakarshana Bhairavar, Mukhalingam, etc.

Kanaka Sabha Or The Golden Hall The Golden Hall, or Kanaka Sabha is immediately in front of the Chit Sabha, both being on an elevated platform as mentioned before, with silver panelled doors in front. The Chit Sabha itself is a meter or so higher than the Kanaka Sabha and is reached by a flight of 5 silver plated steps, marking the five 'Aksharas' (syllables) of the "Panchakshara Mantram" (the five syllabled NamaShivaya).

Nritta Sabha Or The Hall Of Dance Across from the Nataraja shrine in the second Prakaram is the Nritta Sabha or the hall of dance with some fine pillars, housing an image of Shiva in the 'Urdhva Tandava' posture, winning over Kali in a dance duel, and an image of Sarabheswara, another form of Shiva. The Nritta Sabha with fine pillars is in the form of a chariot drawn by horses.

Deva Sabha Or The House Of Gods The Deva Sabha or the house of Gods is also in the second Prakaram, housing festival images of the Pancha Murtis (Somaskandar, Parvati, Vinayaka, Subramanya and Chandikeshwara) and other deities. Mulanathar, or the representation of Shiva as a Lingam is housed in the second Prakaram.

The Outermost Prakaram The outermost Prakaram is home to the grand Shivakami Amman temple, the Shivaganga tank and the 1000-pillared hall or the Raja Sabha, where Nataraja is brought during two annual festivals.

Raja Sabha The 1,000-pillared hall (ayiram-kal- mandapam) of Raja Sabha, measuring 103m long and 58m wide witnessed the victory celebrations of the Chola and Pandya kings. It is a great place for meditation

Shivaganga Tank The sacred water of the Shivaganga Tank, thronged by bathing pilgrims, has healing powers and has cured a king's leprosy.

Shivakami Ammam Shrine The vast Shivakami Amman shrine is a temple in its own right. Ceilings on the Mukhamandapam of this temple have paintings from the Nayaka period. There are friezes of dancers, drummers and musicians all along the enclosing walls of this temple. The thousand-pillared hall has witnessed several grand events in history. This hall is also designed in the form of a chariot. Its entrance features two elephants, and on the basement there is a frieze of dancing figures.

The 1000 pillared hall, also in the outermost Prakaram is also of artistic value, as is the shrine of Subramanya, which dates back to the Pandya period. The Subramanya shrine is also in the form of a chariot, and is referred to as the 'Pandya Nayakam'.

The Towers In The Temple Perhaps the most magnificent structures in the temple are the four lofty Gopurams or towers in the four cardinal directions, piercing the walls of the outermost Prakaram. Each is a gigantic masterpiece in itself - about 250 feet in height, with seven tiers. The Western tower is the oldest one. In the towers, on either side of the gateways there are representations of the 108 poses of the classical Bharatanatyam Tradition as enunciated in the Classic Natya Shastra.

The towers are embellished with images from Hindu mythology. From the second tier onward, on each of the Gopuram, are seen images of various manifestations of Shiva such as "Bhikshatana", "Kankala" (both being ascetic forms), "Kalyanasundara", "Somaskanda", etc. (bestowers of prosperity). There are no representations of Nataraja on the temple towers, as this image is reserved for the innermost shrine alone.

Services Offered To The Lord Six worship services are offered in this temple each day at the shrine of Nataraja - the last of which is the "ArdhaJaama Puja" (the most special one), where the padukas (footwear) of Nataraja are ceremoniously taken to the "Palliarai" (night chamber) of Shiva and Parvati after elaborate rituals. It is believed that the entire pantheon of divine figures in the Hindu system of beliefs is present during this occasion.

The first puja in the morning involves the waking up of Shiva, and a transport of the padukas back to the main shrine, followed by fire rituals and ablutions to the crystal Shivalingam. The worship services that follow at about 9:30 am, and then at noon, and at 5.00 pm in the evening and at 7.00 pm involve a combination of rituals involving ablutions to the Crystal Lingam and the ceremonial show of lamps to Nataraja and Shivakami amidst the chanting of Vedic and Tamil hymns.

The "Shiva Agama" system of temple rituals followed in almost all of the Shaivite temples in Tamil Nadu is not followed at Chidambaram. It is a unique worship protocol said to have been prescribed by Patanjali that is followed at this temple.

Gangaikondas Cholapuram

Location : 51-km From Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Built By: Rajendra I, A Chola King Deity Worshipped: : Lord Shiva

GangaikondaCholapuram is in the Udayarpalayam Taluka (also spelt as Taluk) in Perambalur district, 245-km from Chennai and 51-km from Chidambaram. Rajendra I, a Chola ruler established GangaikondaCholapuram as his capital city and built a magnificent temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. There is a big temple, known as "GangaikondaCholapuram" situated in the east, against six acres of land.

History Of The Temple Rajaraja's son and successor, Rajendra I the mightiest emperor in the history of South India, removed his capital from Thanjavur to GangaikondaCholapuram. The name of this town means "The town of the Chola who conquered the Ganga." This temple was constructed during his reign. Rajendra I during one of his campaigns to the north brought water from the river Ganges in a golden pot, and sanctified the reservoir Ponneri or Cholaganga, hence he was given the title of 'Gangaikondan' (the one who brought the Ganges).

The king wanted to build a temple equivalent in stature to the Brihadeeswara Temple at Tanjavur. And thus the Temple at GangaikondaCholapuram came into existence between 1020 - 29 AD.

It took a long time to complete the temple of GangaikondaCholapuram. The temple was used as a garrison and fortified cantonment by the Pandyas and later on by the British during wars. The temple has also been looted in many occasions, but the architectural and sculpting treasure can never be looted.

Architecture Of The Temple The architecture of this temple is an exhibition of intricate carvings on the hard southern granite stones, discarding the earlier Chola and Pallava style of subtlety and simplicity. Few sculptures found here are as great as the sculptures found in any other Chola temples. The walls tell us stories of many victories of the warrior king, the land donations made during the period, kings ascending to thrones etc.

The most striking and unique sculptures found here are The Nataraja, Coronation of King Rajendra Cholan by Lord Shiva and Parvati, the dancing Ganesh and the most interesting the Ardhanari (the man-woman manifestation of Lord Shiva).

About The Temple This temple of dedicated to Lord Shiva is noted for its massiveness and richly carved sculptures. There are two entrances to the temple. One entrance is towards north on the Trichy-Chidambaram road and the other is on the eastern side with a raised tower.

The eastern entry with the raised tower is the main one, as signified by the two Dwarapalaks (doorkeepers) at the entry. Steps on the south and the north enable entry to the main temple. After going inside we see a long and big hall on an old basement.

One can see a huge temple tank that has pots of water from the Ganges emptied into it by subser-vient kings to the Chola court. There is a big Nandi in front of the temple, which is made of brick and mortar. A lion head well with a flight of steps leading to the water level and gigantic Dwarapalakas are the other thrilling features of this temple. It is advisable to get a torch, as parts of the temple can be dark.

The Idol At the sanctum sanctorum, we see the radiant Shiva Linga. Appropriate to the name, this huge Linga (also spelt as lingam) is carved from a single stone. Of all the six linga's this is the gigantic one, larger than any known.

Two walls surround the sanctum sanctorum, the inner and outer, providing private worship area for the royal family. There is a bull opposite to the sanctorum of the presiding deity. The Linga (also spelt as lingam) and the idol of the Goddess are now placed in this hall, which were originally in the outer county. The wall facing the west features life like relaters, depicting scriptural stories.

Crossing the huge hall we coupe to the inner count. This is known as the "Light pillared hall", in the shape of an 'I', with light pillars in two rows. On the upper side of both the pillars, 53 different Bharathanatya poses are beautifully displayed.

A well-crafted image of Goddess Saraswati adorns the royal entrance of the sanctum, which indicates the Chalukyan influence. Also, the presence of the 'Suryapita' icon, signifying sun worship and the presence of the 'Navagrahas' (nine planets), is said to have been influenced by the Chalukyan connection. HOW TO GET THERE Air: The nearest airport is at Trichy. Rail:The nearest railway station is in Kumbakonam. There are frequent trains from Mayladudurai, Kumbakonam and Ariyalur. Road: There are regular buses from Kumbakonam almost every hour and a few other buses to Trichy and Chidambaram. Tourists who wish to drive from Chennai can reach the temple via the Chennai-Kumbakonam-Thanjavur highway. It is 245-km from Chennai, 74-km from Thanjavur and 34 km from Kumbakonam. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the moderate class hotels and choultries in Chidambaram.

Rameshwaram

Location : Island Of Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu Deity Worshipped: Linga Of Sri Ranganatha Famous Tradition: A Pilgrimage To Kashi Is Not Considered Complete Without A Pilgrimage To Rameshwaram Significance: One Of The 12 Jyotirlingas Of India

Rameshwaram (also spelt as Rameswaram) is a pilgrimage centre of nationwide importance, as Rama is said to have worshipped Shiva here on his way back from SriLanka. The temple is in the island of Rameshwaram, the Banares of the South, connected to the mainland by a bridge. The deity here constitutes one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India.

The Sacred Pilgrimage To Rameshwaram A pilgrimage to Rameshwaram is among the important injunctions laid on the Hindu from time immemorial. The great temple of Sri Ramanatha is connected by tradition with Kashi. A pilgrimage to Kashi is not considered complete without a pilgrimage to Rameshwaram. In olden days groups of pilgrims, many of them quite old, walked huge distances to the two temples, taking months and years, and some failing to survive the rigours and dangers of such incredibly long journeys. Men and women knew this cost might be exacted of them, but they repaid it cheerfully.

The Rameshwaram pilgrimage has long been a tradition in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, and has passed into folklore. Many kings of old prided themselves on having planted columns of victory in Rameshwaram-Krishna III the Rashtrakuta, in the 10th century; the Hoysala, Vishnuvardhana, in the 12th century.

Everything in and near Rameshwaram is traditionally connected with incidents in the "Ramayana". The Kashi pilgrimage is considered complete not only after worship in the Sri Ramanatha temple but also after a bath in Dhanushkodi, a tip of the island where the Bay of Bengal, called the "Mahodadhi" in ancient times, joins the Indian Ocean, or Ratnakaram, its beautiful old name "Dhanushkodi", in Tamil the "end of the bow", takes its name from a tradition that Sri Rama, at the request of Vibishana, his friend, destroyed the bridge to Sri Lanka with the end of His bow. Dhanushkodi was affected in a cyclone a few years ago.

The Great Temple Of Sri Ramanatha The temple of Sri Ramanatha, which has over the centuries grown into its present gigantic dimensions, stands on the eastern shore of an island, which is shaped like a conch, which Lord Vishnu bears in one of His hands. No field is ploughed or oil presses any where in the island. A magnificent railway bridge, over a kilometre long and constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century, connects it with the mainland.

To help the pil grims walking incredible distances, philanthropists used to construct rest houses at intervals along the way. The last of them before Rameshwaram was Thangachimadam, a few kilometres away on the island. Modern means of transport have made these rest houses superfluous. But in their time they were most useful, even vital. The Sethupathis of Ramanathapuram, of which the district Rameshwaram is an administrative part, were called the "guardians of the Sethu", the bridge which, according to tradition, was built for Sri Rama to cross over into Sri Lanka when He set out to recover Sita.

About The Temple Since it was Sri Rama Himself who, in time honoured tradition, built the temple, it is held in particular reverence. After killing Ravana, He returned to India and, in Rameshwaram, offered worship to Lord Shiva to expiate the sin incurred in destroying him. Intending to set up a Linga, He directed Hanuman to bring one from Kailasa within a certain time. Hanuman was delayed. Meanwhile, the propitious hour for the installation having arrived, Sita Herself prepared one of sand, and offered it worship. This is the Linga of Sri Ramanatha in the temple.

When Hanuman returned with a Linga, He found that it was too late. He was angry and attempted to uproot the Ramalinga. But He failed. To pacify Him Sri Rama directed that his Linga, the "Visvalinga", should also be set up and that worship should first be offered to it. This is the second Linga under worship in the temple.

Temple Architecture The temple 264m east to west and 200m north to south, and with three Prakaras, two big Gopuras and two more unfinished ones, faces east, a few metres from the sea. It contains two Lingas under worship. There are innumerable other shrines and twenty-two "Tirthas" (also spelt as Teerthas), or sacred bathing places.

At the main eastern entrance stands a huge Gopura of nine storeys and 38.4m high. The outermost, or third, corridor, 196m long and 120.4 wide, is one of the achievements of the Hindu artist down the ages. There are about four thousand pillars, each 3.7m high. All are located on a platform 1.5m high. They look like an orderly, petrified forest.

What is truly remarkable, apart from the sheer artistry of it which has so magnificently conquered problems of proportions, height and such like, is that all these stones must have been transported here over long distances and across the sea by a causeway. In Nayak times there was a kind of ford. How the huge stones could have been carried across a turbulent sea is a question the answer to which proves that old Indian engineers were quite advanced in technology.

A huge Nandi, 6.7m long and 5m high, stands beyond the second Prakara. It is made of 'Sudai', a material used for sculptures on Gopuras. On either side of it there are portraits of two of the Nayaks, Visvanatha and Krishnappa.

The western Gopura is smaller than the eastern, but still impressive, being 24m high. On the northern and southern sides there are unfinished Gopuras.

Shrines Within The Temple In the principal sanctum there is the Linga of Sri Ranganatha. This is the one, which Sita made and Sri Rama sanctified. There is much delicate artistry in many parts of the sanctum. The Vimana, of three storeys, contains images of Hanuman, the Gandhamadhana Linga, and the Agastya Linga. The Linga of Visvanatha (also spelt as Vishvanatha), which Hanuman brought, is enshrined in another sanctum to the north. Worship is offered to it first.

In yet another shrine there is an image of Visalakshi, the Consort of Visvanatha, Ramanatha's Consort, Parvathavardhani, is enshrined in a sanctum to the right of His. Usually, in Shiva temples, the Goddess is enshrined to the left of the Lord. But here, as in Madurai, this location has not been followed.

Behind the Sri Ramanatha shrine, and between the second and third prakaras, there is a sanctum for Lord Vishnu as "Sethumadhava". Strictly speaking, the name should be "Svetha Madhava". The first word is Sanskrit for "white". The name derives from the fact that the image is of white marble.

An Interesting Story Is Told Of The Origin Of The Shrine A Pandya of Madurai, Punyanadhi, once came to Rameshwaram on pilgrimage and performed a sacrifice to propitiate Lord Vishnu. The Lord, in order to test his faith, sent Goddess Lakshmi as an orphan girl.

The Pandya, having no daughter of his own, adopted her and lavished affection on her. One day Lord Vishnu, in the guise of an old ascetic, made his way into her apartment. When the king heard of this, he loaded him with chains and had him imprisoned in the Rameshwaram temple. That night he dreamt that the old man appeared as Lord Vishnu and the girl as Goddess Lakshmi. When he went to the princess apartment, he saw the same sight. On coming to the Rameshwaram temple, he found an image of Vishnu in shackles. Then he realised the enormity of what he had done. But the Lord consoled him and said that He, with Goddess Lakshmi would remain in the temple in shackles. The tradition is that he who bathes in a tank near the shrine and offers worship in that shrine will receive all the benefits of the Kashi pilgrimage.

Thirthas Within The Temple There are no less than twenty-two "thirthas" (also spelt as Teertha or Tirtha), or bathing places, mainly within, but a few also outside, the temple. According to time-honoured tradition, the pilgrim bathes first in Agni Tirtha (also spelt Theertham), as the sea to the east of the temple is called (nearby there is a Shankara Matha), and finally in the Kodi tirtha, which is within the temple. The importance of bathing in these "thirthas" derives from the tradition that Sri Krishna Himself did so. SACRED SITES OUTSIDE THE TEMPLE Gandamadhana Parvata Outside the temple, on the island, there are a few sites also held sacred. About 2.5-km west of the temple, on a hillock, stands the Gandamadhana Parvata. In this Mandapa footprints of Sri Rama are enshrined. From the top of the Mandapa there is a fine view of parts of the island. 8-km from the temple, on the way to Dhanushkodi, there is a beautiful temple of Sri Kodandarama where, tradition says, Vibishana was crowned when he joined Sri Rama. TiruppullaniOutside the island, there are three other sites traditionally connected with Sri Rama's expedition to Sri Lanka. A big temple in Tiruppullani commemorates the tradition that there the Lord obtained a bow and arrows to use in the impending war from its presiding Deity and also that the Lord of the Ocean who had refused to help Him finally submitted. Sethu5-km south of the temple is Sethu, where there is a celebrated temple of Sri Anjaneya, and where, tradition holds, Sri Rama built a bridge to Sri Lanka. In Devipatnam, or Navapashanam, also by the sea, there are nine stones visible at low tide. It is believed that they were set up by Sri Rama to represent the nine planets, the Navagrahas. Uttarakosamangai16-km southwest of Ramanathapuram stands the renowed Shiva temple of Uttarakosamangai. Manikkavachagar has sung of it. The Lord is Mangaleshvara and the Goddess Mangalesvari. The temple has inspired many Tamil works of devotion. So, of course, has the Ramanatha temple in Rameshwaram. To the making, expansion and preservation of these and many other temples in the district, the Setupathis of Ramanathapuram contributed magnificiently. Originally a ruling power in these parts, they were made zamindars by the British. The Sethupathi's proud boast was that he was the guardian of the Sethu. The family is closely connected with the temples in Rameshwaram, Tiruppullani, and Uttarakosamangai. HOW TO GET THEREAir: The nearest airport is at Madurai, at a distance of 154-km. Rail: Rameshwaram is well connected by trains from all the major cities of India. Road: State transport buses are available from the railway station to the various places in and around Rameshwaram. For local transportation taxis, auto-rickshaws, cycle-rickshaws and tongas are available. Also city bus service is available in the island. WHERE TO STAYAccommodation is available at the moderate and economy class hotels, and devasthanam cottages in Rameshwaram. Airavateshwara Temple Location : In Darasuram Near Kumbakonam, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped: Airavateshwara -Lord ShivaBuilt By:King Rajaraja IICompleted By: Pandya Rulers The Airavateshwara temple stands in the village of Darasuram is accessible through an easy 5-km bus trip (on the Thanjavur route) or bike ride southwest of Kumbakonam. Lord Shiva is known here as "Airavateshwara", because he was worshipped at this temple by "Airavata", the white elephant of the King of the Gods, Indra. The temple was built by King Rajaraja II (1146-1173 AD) in the late Chola period. In the middle of the 14th century additions were made to the existing temple, and finally the Pandya rulers completed the temple. About The Temple The main structure is an elongated rectangle of little height, rising into a pyramidal tower at the western end. Round about are many other buildings, all within the same enclosure - a characteristic of the Dravidian style to follow. The pillars are typical of those of this period with scalloped capitals and bases and brackets with a Cyma Recta curve over the capital. The plastic ornamentation of the tower though good is rather clustered and produces a feeling of confusion. The porch is in the form of a wheeled chariot drawn by elephants. The Exquisitely Made FigurinesEntrance is through a large Gopura (also spelt as Gopuram) gateway, 1m below ground level, in the main wall, which is topped with small reclining Bull figures. Inside the main building is set in a spacious courtyard. Next to the inner sanctuary, fronted by an open porch, the steps of the closed Mandapam feature elegant curled balustrades decorated with Elephants and 'Makaras' (mythical crocodiles with floriated tails). At the corners, rearing horses and wheels make the whole into a chariot. Elsewhere, clever sculptural puns include the head of an elephant merging with that of a bull. Fine Chola black basalt images in wall niches in the Mandapam and the inner shrine include Nagaraja, the Snake-King, with a hood of Cobras, and 'Dakshinamurti', the "south-facing" Lord Shiva as teacher, expounding under a banyan tree. One rare image shows Lord Shiva as "Sharabha" (partly man, beast and bird) destroying the man-lion incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Lord Narasimha - indicative of the animosity between the Shaivite and Vaishnavite cults. Sharabha, in his own separate small Mandapam, is approached by a flight of steps. Fanged 'Dvarpala' (door guardians) in 'Raudra' (furious) mood flank the shrine entrance. Each possesses a club, their four hands in an attitude denoting threat (tarjani) with Lord Shiva's trident, and the 'Trishula', wound into their hair. The Series Of PanelsOutside, a unique series of somewhat gruesome panels, hard to see without climbing on to the base, form a band along the top of the basement of the closed Mandapam and the sanctum sanctorum. They illustrate scenes from Sekkilar's Periya Purana, one of the great works of Tamil literature. The poem tells the stories of the Tamil Shaivite saints, the "Nayanmars", and was commissioned by King Kulottunga II, after the poet criticized him for a preoccupation with erotic, albeit religious, literature. Sekkilar is said to have composed it in the Raja Sabha at Chidambaram and when it was completed the king sat every day for a year to hear him recite it. Legends Of ArdencyEach panel illustrates the lengths to which the saints were prepared to go to demonstrate devotion to Lord Shiva. For example, the boy Chandesha, whose job was to tend the village cows, discovered one day that they were involuntarily producing milk. He decided to bathe a Linga (also spelt as lingam) with the milk as part of his daily worship. Appalled by this apparent waste, the villagers complained to his father, who went to the field, cursed the boy, and kicked the Linga (also spelt as lingam) over. At this affront to Lord Shiva, Chandesha cut off his father's leg with an axe; he is shown at the feet of Lord Shiva and Parvati, who have garlanded him. Another panel shows a man who frequently gave food to Lord Shiva's devotees. When his wife was reluctant to welcome and wash the feet of a mendicant who had previously been their servant, he cut off her hands. Elsewhere, a Pallava queen has her nose cut off for inadvertently smelling a flower, rendering it useless as an offering to Lord Shiva. The last panel shows the saint Sundara, who by singing a hymn to Lord Shiva, rescued a child who had been swallowed by a crocodile. On the lowest portions of the base, rows of 'Yalis' (mythical lions) and Ganas, the dwarf attendants of Lord Shiva, dance and play musical instruments. Surrounding the main shrine, a four-metre-wide channel, created by a very low wall, is decorated with lotus patterns and badly damaged Nandis. HOW TO GET THERE Road: To reach the temple tourists can also hire a taxi from Kumbakonam, which is well connected by trains and buses with the different parts of the state. Road:The temple is an easy 5-km bus trip (on the Thanjavur route) or bike ride southwest of Kumbakonam, Thanjavur district. WHERE TO STAYAccommodation is available at the moderate class and small budgeted hotels and lodges in Kumbakonam. Azhagar Koil, Madurai Location : 21-km Northwest Of Madurai, Tamil NaduDeity Worshipped:Lord Vishnu As AzhagarAlso Known As: South TirupatiFestival Celebrated: Chitrai Festival In April-May Located 21-km northwest of Madurai is a Vishnu temple located on a picturesque wooded hill. Here Lord Vishnu presides as Meenakshi's brother 'Azhagar'. History Of The TempleThe Pandya kings and later the Naick kings of Madurai were ardent devotees of Azhagar and spent huge amounts for proper maintenance of the temple and for constructing many Gopurams and Mandapams and conducting many festivals. The temple suffered a lot in the middle of the 18th century when it was looted and partly demolished by Hyder Ali and thus lost all its wealth donated by kings and rich patrons of the past. All the twelve Alwars, the Vaishnavite Saints, who visited this place, have sung in praise of Azhagar and the beautiful hills. All these verses numbering 123 may be seen in the Nalayira Divya Prabandam (4000 holy verses), which is claimed to be the Tamil Veda of the Vaishnavites. The place is also known as "South Tirupati". About The TempleIt is one of the few temples in the country built in tiers. The tower consists of 3 tiers depicting Lord Vishnu in 3 postures, sitting, standing and reclining. The shadow of the Vimanam never falls on the ground. On entering the temple, one can see the life-size sculptures carved in the stone Mandapam built by Tirumalai Naicken. These are similar to those found in Madurai temple. The deity is known as "Kalazhagar" as he is the household deity of the Kallas, a low caste people. The Picturesque Surroundings Of The TempleThe temple is situated amidst picturesque surroundings. The temple faces east. The southern side is bounded by a hill running from east to west, 10 miles in length and 1,000 feet in height. It is full of green vegetation. That being the background of the temple, it gives a panoramic view. From the western side of the temple there is a passage leading to the beautiful garden with fragrant flowers, coconut trees, etc and the passage leads to the tank where many mendicants take shelter during mid-day. Beyond that, to a distance of about three miles the mountain is very green and there are fountains. Water from these fountains flows very near the temple precincts. The pilgrims use the water, which flows into a tank, for drinking and other purposes. In front of the temple also, towards east, there is another big tank for the pilgrims to take purificatory bath before getting into the temple. Around the ancient temple there are ruins of an old fortified town. For going to the temple, one has to cross through the gateways of the ruined town. The famous Naicken King, Tirumalai Naicken, had a palace here generally known as "Azhagapuri", his favourite place of residence. The SthalapuranamAs the history of the temple is obscure, details of the temple given in Varahapuranam, Brahmandapuranam, Vamanapuranam and Agnipuranam were gathered and the sthalapuranam compiled. Legend narrated to the Rishis of Naimisaranyam by Sutamuni, a student of Vedavyasa, on the importance of this place, which is known as "Vrishapatri Mahatmyam", is as follows: - Once upon a time Yama, the Lord of Death, while going on pilgrimage to all the sacred places on earth, was attracted by the beautiful panoramic view of this place and immediately sat down for meditation. He was in the form of Dharma Swarupa, Vrisha, and hence this place is known as "Vrishapatri". Sri Narayana was pleased with the prayers of Yama and appeared before him and blessed him with salvation. Yama was not pleased with his getting moksham alone; he wanted that place also to prosper. Hence he requested Narayana to stay there and to bless the people, to which Narayana agreed. By that time Yama noticed that a halo of the moor was spreading around the place and he ordered Viswakarma, the divine architect, to construct a Vimanam at that spot in the shape of a moon. Viswakarma executed it in no time. Narayana stayed in that Vimanam with Sri Devi and Bhoo Devi to bless humanity. The Festival Celebrated At The TempleDuring the Chitrai festival in April-May, when the celestial marriage of Meenakshi to Sundareswara is celebrated, Azhagar travels to Madurai. Devotees in procession from Azhagar Kovil to Madurai for the wedding ritual carry a gold processional icon called the "Sundararaja". HOW TO GET THERE Air: Madurai is the nearest airport. Rail:Madurai is the nearest railway junction. It is an important railway junction on the metre gauge of Southern railway. Road: From Madurai town buses, suburban buses, taxis, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available to reach the temple. WHERE TO STAYAccommodation is available at the star, moderate class and small budgeted hotels, lodges and devasthanam cottages in Madurai. Kapaleeswara Temple Or Tirumayilai Shivastalam, Mylapore

Location : Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Deity Worshipped: Lord Kapaleeswarar And Goddess Karpagambal Original Temple: Was Submerged Under The Sea Important Festival Celebrated: Arubathimoovar Festival

Kapaleeswara (also spelt as Kapeeleshwara) temple is situated in Mylapore, a suburb of Chennai. The main deity, Lord Shiva, is worshipped as "Kapaleeswara" and the Goddess as "Karpagambal". The temple is very famous and attracts thousands of devotees especially during festival days.

About The Temple The entrance Gopuram rises magnificently to a height of about 120 feet with a profusion of sculptured images depicting incidents from the various 'puranic' legends. There is a large tank in front of the temple. The outer courtyard is adorned with the bronze images of the 63 'Nayanmars' (Saivite saints).

Existence Of The Temple

Mention of this temple in the old devotional hymns by Hindu Nayanmars who lived during the 7th century is evident that this temple had been in existence for more than a thousand years.

Some scholars cast doubt as to the age of the present building as the architecture and the images in this temple point to a period of about 300 years ago. They believe that the original temple had been in the Santhome area near the sea as recent archaeological excavations in that area point to the presence of a temple during that period. The original temple was submerged under the sea and the current temple structure was a later construction.

The Other Deities Worshipped In The Temple There are separate sannadhis for several deities such as Vinayaka, Annamalaiyar, Muruga, and Saneeswara. There are several other deities such as Durga, Dakshinamurti, Chandikeswara located within the main Sannadhis of Kapaleeswara and Karpagambal.

The bronze idols of the 63 Nayanmars, the saints who were devotees of Lord Shiva are placed in the Kapaleeswara Sannadhi. Every year the Arubathimoovar festival is conducted and the 63 Nayanmars are taken in procession.

Legends Associated With The Temple There are many legends associated with this temple. Once Goddess Parvati was distracted during her daily ritual by a beautiful peacock dancing at a distance. Lord Shiva in order to make her realise the importance of total devotion turned her into a peahen and sent her to the earth. The peahen arrived at this temple and started a penance in order to prove her devotion. After a long and severe penance the Lord took her back into his fold. As Goddess Parvati was living in this place as a pea-hen, the place came to be known as 'Mayil-puri' (Mayil means pea-hen in Tamil) which was later anglicised to Mylapore.

There was a great devotee of Lord Shiva by the name of Shivanesa Chettiar in Mylapore. One day his beloved daughter was bitten by a cobra and died. Shivanesa Chettiar was heart broken. After the cremation of the body he collected the ashes and kept them in an urn in his house. When Thirugnana Sambanthar visited this temple in the course of his pilgrimage he heard about the sadness that befell the devotee of Lord Shiva. He asked the father to bring the urn of ashes to him. When he sprinkled some water from the temple tank onto the urn everybody was amazed to see the daughter walking into the room alive. HOW TO GET THERE Air: Chennai has an airport with both domestic and international terminals. Regular flights connect Chennai with the major cities within the country and also with countries like USA, Singapore, U.K etc. Rail:Chennai is well connected by rail with the important towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: State transport buses and private buses connect Chennai with the major towns and cities within the country. For local transportation local trains, city buses, auto rickshaws and taxis are available. WHERE TO STAY Being the capital city of the state, Chennai is well equipped wit

Karpaka Vinayaka Temple Or Desi Vinayaka Pillaiyar, Pillaiyarpatti

Location : At Pillaiyarpatti Near Karaikkudi, Tamil Nadu Significance: One Of The Oldest Cave Temples (Rock Cut) Of Tamil Nadu Presiding Deity: Lord Ganesh Festivals Celebrated: Ganesh Chaturti, Margazhi Tiruvadirai Festival And A Ten-Day Festival During May - June

The town of Pillaiyarpatti is named after 'Pillayar' - the Tamil name for Ganesh, and the Karpaka Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak) temple here houses rock cut images of Ganesh, Lord Shiva and several other shrines. The image of Ganesh is bound to be familiar to anyone of Tamil origin; however, little is known to many about the fact that there is an image of the rock cut Karpaka Vinayaka Shrine at Pillayarpatti near Karaikkudi at one of the oldest cave temples (rock-cut) of Tamil Nadu. Pillaiyarpatti is situated between Pudukkottai and Karaikkudi.

The Deities Karpaka Vinayaka or Desi Vinayaka Pillaiyar is the presiding deity here. Like the Karpaga Vriksham, which bestows all prosperity, praying to this idol will shower all good. He faces north, which is said to be the direction of Kubera, He is portrayed with two arms and a trunk curled towards his right in the valampuri mode. This 6 feet tall mammoth image of Ganesh is a bas-relief in an excavated cave, off of a hill in the precincts of the temple. Tiruveesar is a Shiva Linga carved in a similar manner. Other deities in the temple include Marudankudi Eesar and his consort Vaadaamalar Mangai. The Growth Of The Temple The Stalapuranam published by the temple classifies the growth of this temple into three distinct stages. The first stage goes back in time by about 1600 years. During this period, the innermost rock cut shrines housing Karpaka Vinayaka and Tiruveesar came into being. The uniqueness of the image of Ganesh is one factor testifying this date; the characters used in the temple inscriptions also help establish this date. The pillars within the shrine are of pre-Pallava origin.

The Pallavas were prolific builders of rock cut temples and a number of these can be traced to Mahendravarman I (615 - 630 AD) and Narasimhavarman I (630 - 668 AD). However, the inscriptions at Pillayarpatti date further back to the 4th century AD. Also, given the location of the temple in the Pandya kingdom it would only be logical to associate Pandya patronage to this temple, especially in the light of Pandya patronage at the Kazhugumalai temple not too far from here.

There are several inscriptions within this temple that date back to the period between 1091 AD and 1238 AD, making it apparent that the Pillayarpatti Nagarattar became the custodians of the temple during the 13th century AD during the second growth phase of this temple, when Vimanams and RajaGopurams were built. The third phase of growth is much more recent and it involved the repair, rebuilding and refurbishment of the entire temple complex, including the renovation of the temple tank. The tank and the two Raja Gopurams provide an attractive approach to the temple, in this rather remote town of Pillayarpatti.

It is with great pride that the Pillayarpatti Nagarathar community, which has been traditionally involved with the temple - patronizes maintenance of this temple and the scrupulous conduct of worship services.

Worship Services Each day, five worship services are offered to the presiding deity, commencing at 6.00 a.m. and closing down at 9.00 p.m. During the fourth phase of each lunar half-month, Pillayar is taken in procession around the temple. Hundreds of pilgrims patronize the temple on these days.

Festivities The grandest of festivals is Ganesh Chaturti in the month of August - September, where a ten-day celebration brings much gaiety to this temple town. Each day's celebration is marked by many splendors as Pillayar is taken in procession around the town on several of his mounts, as are the other Pancha Murtis. The ninth day of the festival is marked by a chariot procession.

In addition, the ten-day festival in the month of 'Vaikasi' (May - June) is held in honour of Kongu Nachiyamman, a village deity whose processional image is also housed here. The Margazhi Tiruvadirai festival is celebrated in honor of Nataraja and Shivakami. HOW TO GET THERE Rail:The nearest railway stations are at Karaikkudi and Pudukkottai and from these stations there are regular buses to Pillaiyarpatti. Road: Pillaiyarpatti is well connected by road with the major towns and cities of the state. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the economy class hotels and lodges in Karaikkudi or Pudukkottai.

Krishnapuram

Location : About 6 Miles From Tirunelveli Town, Tamil Nadu Deity Worshipped: Venkatachalapati Known For: Sculptural Beauty

Krishnapuram is a small village in Tirunelveli district at a distance of about six miles from Tirunelveli town. In spite of the innumerable and wonderful temples in Tamil Nadu, Krishnapuram's temple holds its own, as far as sculptural splendour goes. Astonishing is the fact that 300 years later, the figures look alive and young. Interestingly, the Arulnigu Venkatachalapati temple houses statues of deities, as well as scenes from court life. Some of its pillars emanate interesting sounds, when tapped.

Temple Of Lord Venkatachalapati Lord Venkatachalapati has been installed here with Sri Devi and Bhoo Devi. Pujas and abhishekam are being conducted to the Lord daily and some important festivals are celebrated every year. There are a good number of images and idols of sculptural interest in the temple, attracting hundreds of visitors. Veerappa Naick Mandapam There is a Mandapam known as "Veerappa Naick Mandapam" on the northern side of the temple. There are two beautifully carved elephants adorning the entrance of this Mandapam. The six pillars at the centre of the Mandapam bear images of exquisite beauty depicting scenes from the Puranas.

Any visitor will be impressed by the dexterity with which each image in the Mandapam has been carved out. They are so life-like and their features and expressions so natural and real that a person will be under the impression that he is actually in front of living beings. Such beautiful idols can hardly be seen elsewhere. The stone for carving out the idols has been selected with such care that they produce melodious musical sounds when struck at different places. There are many good images of ingenious and rare workmanship in the Mandapam, which is just opposite the presiding deity.

Representation Of The Story Of The Adventure Of Bhimasena With Purushamrigam: One of the pillars represents the story of the adventure of Bhimasena with Purushamrigam. To fulfill the ritual at an important yaga, Yudhishthira required the milk of Purushamrigam, a half-man, half-beast denizen of the forests, this creature is a devoted Shiva bhakta and Bhimasena achieved his purpose when it was in deep penance. But it's highly developed mental faculties found out the desecration committed by Bhima and it gave an angry chase.

Lord Krishna, without whom Pandavas would have been nothing, handed Bhima three stones, each of which was cast by him one after another. At each stone, a Shiva shrine sprang up and consequently Purushamrigam, being a sensitive Shiva bhakta, paused to offer worship to Lord Shiva and was consequently delayed in the pursuit of Bhima.

In spite of these efforts, the Pandava prince was captured when, with one foot already out of the forest, he was about to reach civilization again. Bhima could not escape the powerful grip of Purushamrigam and they both entered into an argument of jurisdiction and Purushamrigam, oddly enough consented to an arbitration of the dispute by Yudhishthira.

The latter took the responsibility for the whole act, granted the creature's right to act as it pleased in the forest region, and offered half his body in lieu of that part of Bhima's which was within the jungle when he was caught. Deeply touched by the devotion of Yudhishthira to Dharma, Purushamrigam freed Bhima and changed its cannibal.

Representation Of A Princess And A Prince Being Abducted By A Kuravan And A Kuratti: There is another pillar containing the representation of a princess and a prince being abducted by a Kuravan and a Kuratti (gypsies) write nouns in caps, while an irate king or minister gives an angry chase and rescues them. The princess sits serene on the shoulders of the gypsy as if expecting rescue at any moment. The charger on one side of the pillar is depicted as if it would leap into life any moment under the whip of its rider. A lance has pierced the kuravan on his left flank and the blood flowing from the wound is represented in a red shade of stone.

The whole body of the man is twisted in an agony of pain. It is a marvel where the, sculptor got a model for his work. The other side of the pillar shows the princess's mother consulting a female palmist. The curves of the feminine body, its dress and ornaments have been depicted in luscious glory and with pointed attention to detail.

The same affectionate care has been bestowed upon the statue of Rati (Goddess of Love), the eternal beauty, full of an entirely human vanity, admiring herself and bearing a look of mixed self-satisfaction and serene contentment.

Representation Of Arjuna With A Flowing Beard Performing Penance With Bow And Arrow In His Hands: There is also another pillar with Arjuna with a flowing beard performing penance with bow and arrow in his hands. Though a monk, the representation impresses it with an appearance of a great and powerful knight.

On the other side of the pillar, a sage is shown to be molesting a lady who, out of anger, is pulling down his beard. A lady is carrying away a handsome prince and an old lady with a sword in her hand is attacking a man who has been caught between her legs.

Representations On Other Pillars: Karna (of Mahabharata) is shown in another pillar. A monkey is sitting on the shoulders of a beggar who is playing with it. On the other side there is a beautiful girl with a parrot in her hand.

A girl is dancing with a bouquet in her right palm and a fruit in her left palm. A knight is lying at her feet with a sword in his hand and a gypsy is sitting by her side with snakes around him. On the other side of this pillar, two lovers are found to be making gestures of love to each other.

Crowning another pillar is a remarkable carving combining an elephant and a bull. On the left is seen the tusker with its trunk raised, while on the right is the bull. The eyes are common, the lip of the elephant corresponds with the ear of the bull and the lifted trunk forms the hump of the bull. The two figures are thus interlocked in a clever composition of a tricky picture. HOW TO GET THERE Air: The nearest airport is at Madurai, at a distance of 151-km. Rail:The nearest railway station is at Tirunelveli, which is an important railway junction on the southern railway and is well connected to all major cities within and beyond the state. Road: A good network of roads serves Tirunelveli. From Tirunelveli, there are regular buses to the temple. Taxis are also available. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the moderate class and small budgeted hotels and lodges in Tirunelveli.

Suchindram Temple

Location : 11-Km From Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu Presiding Deity: Sthanumalayan Unique Feature: Single Image Representing 3 Deities Festivals Celebrated: Markazhi Festival and The Festival Celebrated In The Month Of Chithirai (April-May)

Suchindram is about 11 -km from Kanyakumari, which has a temple dedicated to a deity, who is the representation of the combined forces of Lords Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma. The temple has a beautiful Gopuram, musical pillars and an excellent statue of the monkey God Hanuman, apart from a valuable collection of art from different periods. Large number of Vaishnavites and Shaivites visit this temple.

Unique Feature Of The Temple Suchindram temple is unique in the whole of India. It is dedicated to three different deities represented by one image in the sanctum and is called "Sthanumalayan ("Sthanu" - Lord Shiva; "Maal" - Lord Vishnu and "Ayan" - Lord Brahma) Kovil".

The Legend Associated With The Temple There are many legends associated with this temple. Anasuya, the wife of Aarti Maharishi was famous for her chastity and her devotion to her husband - an embodiment of a Hindu wife. She could perform miracles by sprinkling the 'Paatha Theertham' (water with which she washed her husband's feet) to bring rain to a parched earth or to transform objects to her desire.

When the 3 Devis, - Goddesses Laxmi (also spelt as Lakshmi), Saraswati and Parvati heard through Sage Narada the powers of this earthly woman they wanted to test her chastity. They approached their husbands Lords Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva to test Anasuya's devotion to her husband. The three Moortis (sculptures) transformed into three old mendicants and went to the hermitage where Anasuya was living and sought alms from her. When Anasuya was about to serve them food they told her that they had taken a vow whereby they could not accept alms from a person wearing clothes. As it was a sin to refuse alms to mendicants she prayed to her Lord and sprinkled a little 'Paatha Theertham' on the three old beggars. They were all immediately transformed into babies and throwing off her clothes she offered them food.

The Goddesses learning what had happened pleaded with Anasuya to grant them 'Maangalya Biksha' (gift of married life) and to give them back their husbands. Anasuya showed them the three babies. The Devis ran to the cradle and picked one baby each. Anasuya then prayed to her Lord to restore them back to their original form. Brahma was in Laxmi's embrace, Shiva in Saraswati's lap and Parvati cuddling Vishnu. They accepted that Anasuya's fame as the chasest woman on earth was justified. Thus the Trimoorti or Trimurti came to be represented by the Lingam (also spelt as Linga) at Suchindram; the bottom represents Lord Brahma, the middle represents Lord Vishnu and the top Lord Shiva.

Another Tradition There is another lore associated with this temple. Once Indra was infatuated with Ahalya, the wife of Rishi Gautama. One night he came to the hermitage where Gautama was living and crowed like a cock indicating the approach of dawn. Rishi Gautama thinking that dawn was imminent awoke from his sleep and went to the river for his ablutions prior to commencing his prayers. Realising that it was too dark for dawn and too early for morning to break he returned to his hut.

In the meantime Lord Indra took the physical appearance of Rishi Gautama, approached Ahalya and satisfied his desire. Rishi Gautama returning from the river was enraged when he saw his wife in another man's embrace and cursed the man's entire body be covered with 'Yoni' (the female organ) and his wife Ahalya to become a statue of stone.

Lord Indra in order to get rid of this curse went to Gnanaranya and prayed to the Three Moortis to rid him of this curse. When he was rid of his curse and transformed into his original form he built a temple and installed the Lingam (also spelt as Linga) to represent the three Moorti - "Thanu-Maal-Ayan", and the name of the place came to be known as "Suchi-Indran" (the place where Indra was purified).

About The Temple The temple is rich in sculpture and architecture. The entrance tower to this temple is visible from a distance as it rises majestically for 134 feet. The face of the tower is covered with sculptures and statues from Hindu mythology and the entrance itself is about 24 feet high with a beautifully carved door. There is only one corridor running along the outer wall of the temple with many shrines and Mandapam (also spelt as Mandapa) scattered in the inner area.

One can see about 30 shrines dedicated to various deities within the temple complex. There is a large Lingam (also spelt as Linga) in the sanctum, the idol of Vishnu in the adjacent shrine and a large idol of Hanuman at the Eastern end of the Northern corridor represent almost all the deities of the Hindu pantheon.

In the 'Alankara Mandapam' adjacent to the Northern corridor there are four large pillars each formed by a group of smaller pillars all carved from a single stone. Of all these large pillars two have 33 smaller pillars and the other two 25 each, which are famous as the musical pillars. A different musical note can be heard when each of these smaller pillars is tapped. Unfortunately, the pillars are covered by iron grills to prevent vandalism.

A gigantic figure of Hanuman, 18 feet high depicting 'Vishuvaroopam' can be seen when we step out of the 'Alankara Mandapam'. There are other carvings and sculptures on every pillar and panel throughout the temple, which are a feast to the eye and the imagination.

Festivities There are two important festivals, one in 'Markazhi' (December/January) and the other in 'Chithirai' (April/May). During the Markazhi festival, on the 9th day the deities are taken out in procession around the streets on three festival cars. HOW TO GET THERE Air: The nearest airport is at Trivandrum. Rail: The nearest railway station is at Nagercoil on the Trivandrum - Kanyakumari section of the Southern Railway. Road: Suchindram is just 11-km from Kanyakumari. There are regular buses from Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari and Trivandram to Suchindram. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the economy class hotels, devasthanam cottages and railway retiring rooms in Kanyakumari (also spelt as Kanniyakumari).

Papanasam

Location : Near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Papanasam Means: Absolution Of Sins Presiding Deity: Papavinaseswarar (Lord Shiva)

Papanasam is a small village located near Tirunelveli, where the river Thamirabarani flowing from the Western Ghats reaches its plains and drops to form a small waterfall. It is believed that people who bathe in this waterfall are relieved of all sins as Papanasam means absolution of sins.

The Legend Associated With The Temple There is an interesting story behind Papanasam. Once upon a time the Pandyan kings who converted to Buddhism wanted other people in their kingdom to convert themselves and follow Buddhism. He started harassing others, a family of a father and two children who were ardent devotees of Lord Shiva; unable to face this harassment left their state and went to a neighbouring state. The family got caught up in a civil and the children were separated from each other. Many years later after wandering through many states they arrived in Benares. By chance they met each other, fell in love and got married without realising that they were siblings.

Later on when they came to know about it they started searching ways of absolving their sin. They were advised to wear black and to bathe in all the sacred waters in India and when their black clothe turned white it was an indication that they were absolved of their sin.

According to the advice given to them they clothed themselves in black and went from place to place in search of redemption. Finally they arrived at Papanasam and when they bathed in the river their clothes turned white thus indicating the absolution of their sin. Hence the deity in this temple is called 'Papavinaseswarar' (the redeemer of sins).

The river runs on a rocky bed and fishes are found in abundance in the water. They are quite harmless and approach the bathers in large numbers. The devotees believe that these fishes are redeemed souls and harming them would bring retribution HOW TO GET THERE Air: The nearest airport is at Madurai. Rail: The nearest railway station is at Tirunelveli. Road: There are regular buses from Tirunelveli to the temple. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the economy class hotels and lodges in Tirunelveli.

Lord Shiva Temple, Tirumullaivayil

Location : In The Vicinity Of Chennai Near Avadi, Tamil Nadu Deity Worshipped: Masilamaniswara (Lord Shiva) Supposed To Be: Two Thousand Years Old Festivals Celebrated: Annual Bhramotsavam In Vaikasi (May-June) And Vasantha Utsavam In Aani (June-July)

Tirumullaivayil is one of the Shivastalams in the vicinity of Chennai, near Avadi. It is considered special to worship Kodiyidai Nayaki (Goddess Parvati) here, on full moon days. Ramalinga Adigalar refers to Lord Shiva here as 'Mullaivayil Vaazh Masilamaniye'. It is also said that the Linga (known as "Masilamaniswara" or "Akalanka Ratneswara") is a swayambhu and is being worshipped by Devas and other heavenly persons. It is supposed to be two thousand years old.

The temple here was in existence during the four Yugas and was known by different names in each: (1) "Ratnapuram" in Krita, (2) "Vilvavanam" in Treta, (3) "Chambagavanam" in Dwapara (also spelt as Dwapar) and (4) "Mullaivanam" or "Malateevanam" in Kali.

About The Temple This temple with a "Gajaprishta Vimanam" common to this region occupies an area of about 1 acre. It was constructed in such a fashion that it looks like an elephant lying down, i.e., Gajaprishta. A grand Rajagopuram forms the southern entrance to this temple visible from a distance. The sanctum here has been in worship since the Sangam period. Elements of Pallava architecture are seen in this temple as in the lion pillars in the Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak) shrine. The processional deity is not on his Rishabham as usual. As Lord Shiva thought that Tondaiman might cut his own head for having wounded a Shiva Linga, the Lord came rushing, followed by Parvati. In this hurry Parvati went and stood on the right side of Lord Shiva, instead of on the left side. This is a very peculiar placing, and is not seen in any other temple.

There are shrines to Rishabantikadeva, Nataraja and Bhikshatana here. The Nandi faces away from the sanctum in keeping with the legend. Inscriptions from the period of Uttama Chola, speaking of Sembiyan Mahadevi's (10th century) endowments to this temple, are seen in this temple.

At this temple two Deepalakshmi are seen near the Dhwaja - stambha in front of Lord Shiva and Kodiyidai Nayaki. They are so very beautifully dressed and exhibit different hair dressing styles of the past.

There is also another beauty in this temple. Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak) has got five heads and 10 hands. He is called "Panchamukha Vinayaka". At the entrance to the temple there are two inscriptions one of which relates to an endowment of Sri Pachayappa Mudaliar, who donated the income from his lands, amounting, to 3000 varahans, for the midday puja of this temple.

The Legend Connected With The Temple The legend goes to show that King Tondaiman of Tondaimandalam (Now the districts of Chittoor, North Arcot, Chingleput and Chennai) was attracted by the precious beams of Erukku wood possessed by his enemies, the Jain Chiefs called Kurumban and Kantan, who had their strong fortress at Pullal. In order to vanquish his enemies, King Tondaiman marched his army against them, but he experienced a setback. He attempted to retreat through this place. While retreating, the elephant on which he was seated got its legs enmeshed in a thick bush of Mullai creeper.

In order to enable the elephant get its leg out of the creeper; the king slashed the creeper with his sword. The creeper was cut but the sword touched a Shiva Linga hidden in the bush. Then blood was seen oozing out of the cut portion of the Linga (also spelt as lingam), Tondaiman became shocked and, grieving for his rash and thoughtless action, prayed for the mercy of the Lord. Pleased with the prayers of Tondaiman, Lord Shiva consoled him. He said: "I am not hurt by this. I am Masilamaniswar or Akalanka Ratneswar (Masu-'Flaw, Ila-without, Manigem; Akalanka-flawless, Ratna-gem; that is Flawless Gem).

Lord Shiva also took pity on King Tondaiman and said: "Don't you worry; here are my battalions. Nandi is leading. Go and fight Kurumban and Kantan. You will succeed."! Nandi obeyed the orders and started marching. Even today the Nandi can be seen having his back turned towards Lord Shiva whose orders he was carrying out.

Tondaiman, coming with Nandi and Shiva's regiment, created fear in Kurumban and Kantan. They surrendered at once and presented the beams of Erukku. King Tondaiman used these beams as pillars to the temple. Erukku is a small-sized plant and it is a marvel how large beams were obtained from it.

It is further said that Nandi brought also Bhairava, the patron deity of the enemy chief, to Malativanam. King Tondaiman then built a beautiful temple, enshrining the Shiva Linga and establishing a township. A beautiful tank was constructed. The name of Lord Shiva's consort Parvati here is Latamadhyamba or Kodiyidai Nayaki. Kodiyidai means waist as thin as a creeper. As the ShivaLinga was wounded by the sword cut of Tondaiman, only sandal paste is applied and abhishekam is not performed to the Lord.

Sri Sundaramurti Nayanar lost his eyesight at Tiruvottiyur, consequent on breaking his promise to his devoted and chaste mistress Sankili. He regained it only at this temple and in his extreme happiness he has sung in praise of this Shiva Linga, calling him as "Pasupata".

Festivities

The annual Bhramotsavam is celebrated in the month of 'Vaikasi' (May-June) and Vasantha Utsavam in 'Aani' (June-July). HOW TO GET THERE Air: Chennai is the nearest airport with both National and International terminals. Rail:Chennai is the nearest railway station, which is well connected with the major towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: Tirumullaivayil is situated at a distance of about 13 miles to the west of Chennai, near Avadi. To reach the temple city buses, taxis and auto rickshaws are available. WHERE TO STAY Being the capital city of the state, Chennai is well equipped with various kinds of accommodation options, varying from economic class to luxurious ones.

Lord Shiva Temple, Tiruvottiyur

Location : Tiruvottiyur, 8-Kmouth Of Chennai, Tamil Nadu Deity Worshipped: Lord Shiva Houses: Panchabhutasthala Lingas, Two Tanks And Two Sthala Vrikshas

The Lord Shiva temple at Tiruvottiyur, 8-km south of chennai, is a much-venerated Tirukkovil claiming many awe-inspiring episodes that occured in the lives of devotees of this powerful Adipureeswar (Lord Shiva). Besides the divine miracles performed by the Lord, His adorers too demonstrated their Daiva Shakti through miracles of infinite variety that made sceptics into real theists.

Here in this temple campus there lie the "Panchabhutasthala" lingas, like Aakasalinga, Tejolinga, Jalalinga, etc. Ekapadeswar, an odd representation of Lord Shiva is beautifully carved on the wall of the main temple and it is attracting the reverent attention of the visitors. Here there are many sculptural adornments deserving ardent worship.

This temple has two tanks and two "Sthala Vrikshas", besides the Sahasralinga -a tall, huge, black, granite linga (also spelt as lingam) that lifts our soul at its mere sight. There are several other lingas here. This Lord was worshipped by Kalianayanar (also spelt as Kalianayana), Sundarar (also spelt as Sundara), etc. The images of the famous saints like Pattinathar and Appar are installes in grand niches. Pattinathar, a reputed Tamil ascetic-poet, who lived in this region displayed his soul power through several incrediable wonders and lifted 'Duhkartis' from the snares of misery. The grateful theist community built a Samadhi (place of burial) for him here.

The Incrediable Wonders Of Pattinathar Pattinathar wanted to undertake a "Sthala Yatra" (pilgrimage), but at the same time he felt that it was his duty to serve his mother and remain by her side in her old age. Days passed. Pattinathar stayed in a Mandapam (also spelt as Mandapa or Mandap) in Tiruvengadu and spent his days in meditation. He used to accept food from anyone who gave it to him willingly.

He had a sister in Kaveripattinam, who felt ashamed of her brother's action in having become a Sanyasin. She thought that her brother had marred the good name of their family and hence decided to put an end to his life. Once she invited Pattinathar to her house and offered him a poisoned cake. Pattinathar, who came to know about this by the grace of God, threw it on the roof, which immediately caught fire and burnt her house down to ashes. Pattinathar went back to his Mandapam, at Tiruvengadu.

One-day Pattinathar's mother passed away at Kaverippoompattinam. Before Pattinathar could reach there, his relatives took her body to the cremation ground and started to set fire to it. When Pattinathar arrived at the spot he removed all the firewood placed on his mother's body. He placed plantain leaves instead and sang ten stanzas bewailing her death. To the astonishment of all spectators, the green leaves caught fire at once. He performed all the rituals and ceremonies for the obsequies to his mother and afterwards set out from the place to visit all the shrines of Lord Shiva in the country.

At Tiruvarur, Pattinathar restored a dead man back to life. Then he came to a sacred place known as "Onsenai Mahalam". At that time a king by name Bhadragiri was ruling that part of the country. One day, some thieves stole some costly ornaments and articles from the palace and came to the temple of Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak) where Pattinathar was doing penance, to share the booty among them.

They wanted to present something to Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak). They took out one pearl necklace and placed it on the neck of Pattinathar mistaking him for Vinayaka (also spelt as Vinayak). Pattinathar knew nothing about these incidents, as he was in deep meditation.

Next morning, Pattinathar was arrested by the soldier and brought before the King with the pearl necklace. Poor Pattinathar was not able to offer any explanation before the King. Thereupon the King came to the conclusion that he was the culprit and ordered that the man should be sent to the gallows. When Pattinathar was about to be hanged, he prayed to Lord Shiva and sang a song. Immediately the gallows caught fire and were burnt to ashes. When the King came to know about this, he was very much afraid, fell at the feet of the Sage and begged him to pardon him. The King soon received Jnanopadesa from Pattinathar and became a saint.

When Pattinathar came to Tiruvidaimarudur, he met his disciple Bhadragiri there. After some time Bhadragiri passed away. Then an invisible voice was heard. Pattinathar was directed to go to Tiruvottiyur where he would get salvation. He again came to Tiruvengadu. There he saw one of his ex-servants and his wife being imprisoned by the King. He arranged for their release.

He then visited Shiyali, Chidambaram, Tiruvekambaram, Kalahasti, Tiruvalangadu and other places, and at last came to Tiruvottiyur. At Tiruvottiyur he worshipped Lord Shiva and composed many songs. He used to amuse urchins by performing some miracles. He would get into a pit in one place and come out of the earth in another place.

One day he asked some boys to place over him a big vessel covering his entire body. The boys expected that he would come out of the earth as usual at some other place. As Pattinathar did not come back for a long time, the boys removed the vessel to see whether the Sage was still there.

The Sage was not there, but in his place they found a Shiva Linga.Thus Pattinathar got transformed into a Linga (also spelt as lingam) and merged with God. He is very well known in Tamil Nadu as a great saint. A temple has been constructed over the Linga at Tiruvottiyur, a suburb of Chennai city.

During the medieval period, many celebrated kings made liberal endowments and participated in the annual festivals with unprecedented religious fervour, worthy of emulation. In memory of Adi Sankara's visit to this shrine, an image is installed and worshipped. HOW TO GET THERE Air: Chennai is the nearest airport with both National and International terminals. Rail:Chennai is the nearest railway station, which is well conneceted by rail with the major towns and cities within and beyond the state. Road: Tiruvottiyur is 8-km south of Chennai. To reach the temple, city buses, taxis and auto rickshaws are available. WHERE TO STAY Being the capital city of the state, Chennai is well equipped with various kinds of accommodation options, varying from economic class to luxurious ones.

Mayiladuturai

Location : Mayiladuturai Town, Tamil Nadu Managed By: Tiruvavaduturai Adhinam Spread Over: 35,0000-Sq-Ft Temple Festivity: Tulaa Festival

Mayiladuturai is a famous temple, which is well designed with a beautiful tank, several Gopurams and Mandapams, located in the town of Mayiladuturai (Mayuram). This is a temple of great religious significance, and is a hub in the temple belt of Tamil Nadu. Several Shivasthalams are located in the vicinity of Mayiladuturai.

Shrines In The Vicinity Of Mayiladuturai Mayiladuturai is in the midst of several shrines with puranic significance. The Sapta Matas are said to have worshipped Lord Shiva at 7 of the temples in the vicinity including Vallalaar Kovil. Dakshinamurti's shrine in the nearby Vallalaar (Gurumoorti - Vadhaanyeswara) Koyil is of great significance. On the banks of the Kaveri, near the bathing ghats is the Kasi Viswanathar temple with Vimanams along the lines of those at Benares.

About The Temple The temple is spread over 35,0000-sq-ft. and has 5 Prakarams, a 9 tiered 165 feet high Raja Gopuram, pillared halls with interesting sculptural work as well as 14 Vimanams (also spelt as Vimana) with several stucco images. Inscriptions from the Imperial Chola period are found here. The Tiruvavaduturai Adhinam manages the temple, while the Dharumapura Adhinam manages the Vallalar Koyil and Kaashi Vishwanathar temple.

Reconstruction Of The Temple The temple was reconstructed with stone, during the period of Sembiyan Mahadevi (10th century); however renovations from the 19th century have destroyed the older structures and the inscriptions. Thankfully fine stone sculptures of Vinayaka, Nataraja, "Shiva-Uma-Alinganamurti", "Dakshimamurti", "Lingodbhavar", Brahma, Ganga Visarjanamurti, Durga and Bhikshatanar from the period of "Sembiyan Mahadevi" have been well preserved in their niches.

From available inscriptions it is inferred that the Avayambal shrine came into existence during the period of Rajaraja Chola III (13th century). Till then, there must only have been a "Bhogashakti" bronze image in the sanctum of "Mayuranathar", as was the practice till separate Ambal shrines were introduced during the reign of Kulottunga Chola I (1075-1120).

Legend Connected With The Temple Legend has it that Dakshayani (Parvati) took the form of a peahen after her father's "Daksha Yagna" and worshipped Lord Shiva here. Shiva is said to have taken a peacock form, performed the "Gowri Tandavam" and united with her here. "Mayuranathar" is believed to have quelled the Kaveri floods to make way for "Sambandar" and 4 of the Vallalar shrines in the vicinity are said to be manifestations of Mayuranathar.

Interestingly, the "Tiruppariyalur Veerattam", where the Dakshayagnam is believed to have been performed, is located at a distance from 8 -km from this temple.

Festivities Thousands of pilgrims converge here during the Tulaa (Libra) festival. A noteworthy feature of the Mayuranathar temple is the daily processional ritual to the banks of the Kaveri throughout the monsoon month of Libra. Shiva's dance is enacted at the Aadi Sabhai on the 7th day of the grand festival in the month of Libra. The annual festival Brahmotsavam is observed in the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May-June). HOW TO GET THERE Rail: Mayiladuturai has a railway station. Road: Mayiladuturai is well connected by road with Sirkazhi, Chidambaram, Kutralam, Nagapattinam, etc. WHERE TO STAY Accommodation is available at the economy class hotels and lodges in Kutralam (also spelt as Courtallam), Nagapattinam and Sirkazhi.