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There were actually 8 crusades all-together, beginning from the "Sermon at Clairemont" [1096]whereby Pope Urban II called for the christian kingdoms of Europe to regain the Holy Land [Jerusalem] from the muslims. The last [8th] crusade ended in 1270 when king Louis IX of France died during the campaign in Tunis, North Afrika. *But aside from the 1st to 8th crusades, there were a few other crusades that were not directed against Islam & they were: "The 13th crusade" aka "The Albigensian crusade" which was directed against a break-away Christian sect in southern France whom Pope Innocent III called "heretics." "The crusade of the Tuetonic Knights" which was a German religious & military order whose crusade was directed against the pagan Slavs of Prussia. "The crusades in Spain" whereby the muslim armies of North Afrika occupied Spain from 711-1492 (almost 800 years!) till the Spaniards drove them out.
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Western Europe
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