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Althoug the caliph al-Hakam II, son and heir of Abd-al-Rahman III, lived in the city during his 15 years of reign, the government of the caliphate moved slowly to other hands. That was because al-Hakam, known as the caliph of arts and sciences, was an intelectual whose mind was far from the routine affairs of the kingdom, which he left in the iron hands of the general known as al-Mansur, "the Victorious".
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Western Europe
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